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Ch17 Sample Size
Ch17 Sample Size
Ch17 Sample Size
Research Methods
William G. Zikmund
Chapter 17:
Determination of Sample Size
Inferential statistics
Make an inference about a population from a
sample
Population Parameter
Variables in a population
Measured characteristics of a population
Greek lower-case letters as notation
Sample Statistics
Variables in a sample
Measures computed from data
English letters for notation
Measures of dispersion
Frequency Distribution of
Deposits
Amount
less than $3,000
$3,000 - $4,999
$5,000 - $9,999
$10,000 - $14,999
$15,000 or more
Frequency (number of
people making deposits
in each range)
499
530
562
718
811
3,120
Percentage Distribution of
Amounts of Deposits
Amount
Percent
less
than $3,000
$3,000 - $4,999
$5,000 - $9,999
$10,000 - $14,999
$15,000 or more
16
17
18
23
26
100
Probability Distribution of
Amounts of Deposits
Amount
less than $3,000
16
$3,000 - $4,999
17
$5,000 - $9,999
18
$10,000 - $14,999
23
$15,000 or more
26
Probability
.
.
.
.
.
, sample
Population Mean
X
N
Sample Mean
Xi
X
n
Number of
Sales calls
4
3
2
5
3
3
1
5
26
Product B
Measures of Dispersion
The range
Standard deviation
Measures of Dispersion
or Spread
Range
Mean absolute deviation
Variance
Standard deviation
The Range
as a Measure of Spread
The range is the distance between the smallest
and the largest value in the set.
Range = largest value smallest value
Deviation Scores
The differences between each observation
value and the mean:
d x x
i
5
Low Dispersion
4
3
2
1
150
160
170 180
190
Value on Variable
200
210
5
4
High dispersion
3
2
1
150
160
170
180
190
Value on Variable
200
210
Average Deviation
(X i X )
0
n
( Xi X )
n
The Variance
Population
Sample
2
Variance
X X )
S
n 1
2
Variance
The variance is given in squared units
The standard deviation is the square root of
variance:
2
Xi X
n 1
S S
2
Xi X
n 1
Normal Distribution
MEAN
Normal Distribution
13.59%
2.14%
34.13%
34.13%
13.59%
2.14%
70
85
100
115
145
-2
-1
+z
Standardized Scores
x
z
Standardized Values
Used to compare an individual value to the
population mean in units of the standard
deviation
x
z
Population distribution
Sample distribution
Sampling distribution
Population Distribution
Sample Distribution
Sampling Distribution
SX
Sx
n
Distribution
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Population
Sample
SX
Sampling
Parameter Estimates
Point estimates
Confidence interval estimates
Confidence Interval
E Z cl S X
X E
Sx
S
n
X Z cl
S
n
Sample Size
Variance (standard
deviation)
Magnitude of error
Confidence level
zs
n
E
56.84
2.00
1.96 29.00
2.00
28.42
808
56.84
4.00
1.96 29.00
4.00
14.21
202
(
2
.
57
)(
29
)
n
74.53
2
2
37.265
1389
(
2
.
57
)(
29
)
n
74
.
53
4
2
18.6325
347
sp
or
p ( 1 p )
n
pq
n
pZ S
cl
Z pq
n
E
2
2
z
pq
n
2
E
Where:
n = Number of items in samples
Z2 = The square of the confidence interval
in standard error units.
p = Estimated proportion of success
q = (1-p) or estimated the proportion of failures
E2 = The square of the maximum allowance for error
between the true proportion and sample proportion
or zsp squared.
. 001225
753