classified according to the manner in

which their field flux is produced:

Separately excited generator
Shunt generator:
Series generator
compounded generator

A simplified equivalent circuit of a DC

generator, with RF combining the resistances of
the field coils and the variable control resistor

Separately Excited Generator

IL IA

A separately excited DC generator is a generator whose field

current is supplied by a separately external DC voltage source
VT = Actual voltage measured at the terminals of the generator
IL = current flowing in the lines connected to the terminals.
EA = Internal generated voltage.
I = Armature current.

The terminal characteristic of a separately excited dc

generator (a) with and (b) without compensating windings
(EA = K)
For DC generator, the output
quantities are its terminal

voltage and line current. The terminal voltage is VT = EA

IARA (IA = IL)
Since the internal generated voltage EA is independent of

When the load is supplied by the generator is increased, IL (and

therefore IA) increase. As the armature current increase, the IARA drop
increase, so the terminal voltage of the generator falls. (Figure (a)
PREVIOUS SLIDE)
This terminal characteristic is not always entirely accurate. In the
generators without compensating windings, an increase in IA causes an
increase in the armature reaction, and armature reaction causes flux
weakening. This flux weakening causes a decrease in EA = K
which further decreases the terminal voltage of the generator. The
resulting terminal characteristic is shown in Figure (b) PREVIOUS
SLIDE)

Major types of dc motors

Self excited dc motor
Series dc motor
Shunt dc motor
Compound dc motor
Separately excited dc motor
Permanent magnet dc motor

Series motors
Series motors
connect the field
windings in series
with the armature.
well-suited for hightorque loads like
power tools and
automobile starters
because of their high
torque production and
compact size.

Ra

ia

Rf

Ea

VT (dc s

VT Ea ia ( Ra R f )
note : ia iL

Ea K1 K 2 I a

Shunt motors
Shunt motors use high-resistance field windings
connected in parallel with the armature.
Varying the field resistance changes the motor
speed.
Shunt motors are prone to armature reaction, a
distortion and weakening of the flux generated
by the poles that results in commutation
problems evidenced by sparking at the brushes.
Installing additional poles, called interpoles, on
the stator between the main poles wired in
series with the armature reduces armature
reaction.

Shunt motors
ia

iL

Ra
if

Ea

Rf

VT (dc
supply)

VT Ea ia ( Ra )
note : iL ia i f
VT i f R f

Compound motors

ia

the concept of the

series and shunt
designs are
combined.

VT Ea ia ( Ra R f 2 )

Ra

Rf2

iL

if

Ea

Rf1

VT (dc
supply)

note : iL ia i f
VT i f R f 1

Separately Excited Motor

There is no direct connection
between the armature and field
winding resistance
DC field current is supplied by an
independent source
(such as battery or another
generator or prime mover called an
exciter)

Separately Excited Motor

(Cont)
Circuit
analysis:

If

2 pnZ
Ea
K f if n K f n
60C
Where p= no of pole pair
n= speed (rpm)
Z=no of conductor
=Flux per pole (Wb)
C= no of current/parallel
path
=2p (lap winding)
=2 (wave winding)

Rf

ia

Lf

Vf

KVL:

note : ia iL

Ra

La

Ea

Vf if Rf

VT Ea ia Ra

VT

Permanent Magnet motors

PMDC is a dc motor whose poles are
made of permanent magnets.
Do not require external field circuit,
no copper losses
No field winding, size smaller than
other types dc motors
Disadvantage: cannot produce high
flux density, lower induce voltage

Speed Control for shunt motor and

separately excited dc motor
There are three variables that can influence the
speed of the motor,
V
If
Ra
Thus, there are three methods of controlling the
speed of the shunt and separately excited dc
motor,
Armature terminal voltage speed control
Field speed control
Armature resistance speed control

Speed Control for shunt motor and

separately excited dc motor
Armature resistance speed
control
-

Speed may be controlled by changing Ra

The total resistance of armature may be varied by means of a

rheostat in series with the armature
The armature speed control rheostat also serves as a starting
resistor.

 Torque speed characteristic

m
Ra1

Ra1 < Ra2 < Ra3

Ra2
Ra3

n3

n2

n1

nNL

Advantages armature resistance speed control:

i.

Starting and speed control functions may be combined

in one rheostat
ii. The speed range begins at zero speed
iii. The cost is much less than other system that permit
control down to zero speed
iv. Simple method

Disadvantages armature resistance speed

control :
i. Introduce more power loss in rheostat
ii. Speed regulation is poor (S.R difference nLoaded & nno
loaded)
iii. Low efficiency due to rheostat

 Field Speed Control

Rheostat in series with field winding
(shunt or separately ect.)
If field current, If is varied, hence flux
is also varied
Not suitable for series field

 Torque speed characteristic

m

If1 < If2 < If3

1 < 2 < 3

n1 n2

n3

nNL1

nNL2

nNL3

Advantages field speed control:

Allows for controlling at or above the base speed
The cost of the rheostat is cheaper because If is small
value
Disadvantages field speed control :
Speed regulation is poor (S.R difference nLoaded & nno
loaded)
At high speed, flux is small, thus causes the speed of
the machines becomes unstable
At high speed also, the machines is unstable
mechanically, thus there is an upper speed limit

Speed Control for shunt motor and

separately excited dc motor
iii. Armature terminal voltage speed control
-

Use power electronics controller

-

AC supply rectifier
DC supply chopper

Supply voltage to the armature is controlled

Constant speed regulation

Torque speed characteristic

V3 < V2 < V1

n3

n2

n1
nNL2 nNL1
nNL3

 Advantages armature terminal voltage speed

control:
Does not change the speed regulation
Speed is easily controlled from zero to
maximum safe speed
Disadvantages armature terminal voltage
speed control :
Cost is higher because of using power
electronic controller