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Hazards Risk Analysis N Scank
Hazards Risk Analysis N Scank
Chemical hazards
Type of chemical hazards
Material hazard : Hazardous nature of chemicals
like Inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, reactive,
radioactive, reducing, oxidizing, decomposing or
incompatible.
Chemical hazards
Type of chemical hazards
Control hazards : The inadequate, defective, under
design or wrongly modified control devices or their of
failure cause.
Chemical hazards
Physical hazards or health hazards
The Hazard
A potential condition or set of conditions, either
internal and/or external to a system, product,
facility, or operation. Which, when activated
transforms the hazard into a series of events that
culminate in loss (an accident). A simpler and
more fundamental definition of hazard is a
condition that can cause injury or death, damage
to or loss of equipment or property, or
environmental harm.
toxic).
Engineering approaches to mitigation.
Design features for emergency control.
Process Safety Management (PSM).
Planning for counter measures.
Emergency response planning (ERP-onsite).
Alerting local authorities and public.
emergency shutdown
Operating limits
Consequences of deviation steps required to
operating,
maintenance
&
emergency procedures are in place & are
adequate
warning of releases
Consequences of failure of engineering
and administrative controls
Facility site
Human factors
Qualitative evaluation of a range of the
possible safety and health effects of failure
of controls on employees and others
HAZID Technique
HAZID is an automated hazard identification tool
for continuous process plants and principle
features of
Sectionalizing the process plant into several units
Generation of hazardous incident scenarios
Use of models to distinguish between the feasible
HAZID Technique
HAZID Process
Divide the Process Plant into smaller
section
Generate Hazardous Incident Scenarios
Identify the feasible Scenarios only
Identify plant configuration problem
Generate output in HAZOP table
The Hazard
Hazard severity
Category
Name
Catastrophic
Characteristics
Death
Loss of system
II
Critical
III
Marginal
IV
Negligible
No injury or morbidity
No damage to system
The Hazard
Description
Level
Fleet or Inventory
Frequent
Probable
Occasional
Remote
improbable
Continuously
experienced
The Hazard
Frequency of
Occurrence
I
Catastrophic
II
Critical
III
Marginal
IV
Negligible
(A) Frequent
1A
2A
3A
4A
(B) Probable
1B
2B
3B
4B
(C) Occasional
1C
2C
3C
4C
(D) Remote
1D
2D
3D
4D
(E) improbable
1D
2E
3E
4E
The Hazard
HRI
II
III
4C, 4D, 4E
IV
Suggested Criteria
Unacceptable
Undesirable (Management decision required)
Acceptable with review by management
Acceptable without review
The Hazard
Description Level
Frequency of
occurrence
Potential relationship
to Quantitative Value
Frequent
High
10-1
Probable
Occasional
Medium
> 10-3
Remote
> 10-4
Improbable
Low
> 10-6
Consequence Analysis or
Semi Quantitative Risk Analysis
Assessment of possibilities
--- By use of various hazard
identification techniques like
* Preliminary Hazard Analysis
(PHA)
* Hazard & Operability Study
* Safety Audit
* Fault tre analysis
* Event tree analysis, etc.
EFFECT MODELS
Conceiving a credible scenario by
hazard identification techniques
Computation of physical effects of the scenario
by suitable models like:
-- Outflow model
-- Dispersion model
-- Unconfined vapour cloud explosion models
-- Jet fire dimensions
-- Damage from shock wave on BLEVE
-- Fire ball radiation damages
-- Pool fire radiation damages etc.
TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE
o Fire & Explosion Index (Dow Index) and
Toxicity Index
o Calculation of damages likely from the
fires,explosions and toxic releases and
combining the damages with
probabilities of occurrence in terms of
Individual Risk and Societal Risk.
( The later is more objective for
estimating the distances likely to be
affected)
Toxicity Index
: Th + Ts (1+GPH+SPH)
100
Where,
MF
SPH
GPH
Th
Ts
= Material Factor
= Special Process Hazard
= General Process Hazard
= Toxicity factor based on the NFPA hazard
index (0 4)
= Correction factor (additional penalty) for
toxicity based on Maximum Allowable
Concentration (MAC) value in ppm
Toxicity Factory
(Th)
50
125
250
325
TS
5 and blow
125
Between 5 and 50
75
50 and more
50
HCV
Pt.
kJ bar/ mol
F
L
None
< 4 x 10-5
>100
4 x 10-5 2.5
40-100
< 830
14
24
29
40
14
24
29
40
2.5 - 40
10
14
24
29
40
20-40
40 600
16
16
24
29
40
< -20
> 600
21
21
24
29
40
L
ITY
Material Factor MF
F & E index
Toxicity Index
Degree of Hazard
1 60
16
Light
61 96
6 10
Moderate
97 127
> 10
Intermediate
128 158
> 10
Heavy
> 159
> 10
Severe
Risk Analysis
General Principles of Risk Analysis
1. All
relevant
addressed
risks
are
systematically
those
aspects
of
work
which
are
hazardous
Take into account & critically assess existing safety
controls & measures provided
Risk Analysis
General Principles of Risk Analysis
3.
4.
5.
6.
Risk Analysis
Use of Probabilities in Risk
Analysis
The risk of operational activity with hazardous
materials consists of two elements
Risk Analysis
Layers of Protection Analysis
Offsite Emergency Measures Community Alerting & Evacuation, if necessary
Onsite Emergency Measures Onsite Evacuation
Risk Analysis
Consequence BLEVE Model for Different
Static and Mobile Pressure Vessels
Inventory
(MT)
100% fatality
Distance
1% Fatality
Distance
Road tanker
12
137 M
500 M
--Do---
20
162 M
600 M
Rail Wagon
50
218 M
700 M
Horton Sphere
140
305 M
940 M
---Do---
1150
624 M
1834 M
Consequence Analysis
Consequence Analysis for a Ammonia Tank Leak
Scenario : 20 dia. Tank having leak of NH3 from 10 pipe
Consequence : Distance to IDLH is 8.9 Km
Kilometer
4
2
0
2
4
6
4
Kilometer
10
Consequence Analysis
Sour (containing H2S) Natural Gas pipeline leak scenario
Scenario : full bore rupture of a 42 pipeline
Consequence : Distance to IDLH is 3.9 Km
Kilometer
1.5
0.5
0
0.5
1.5
1
2
Kilometer
Risk Analysis
Risk control techniques / Risk Management
Inherent safe design (built-in safety)
Fault tolerant measures (single or multiple
failures)
Protective measures
Adequate information on the residual risk
Administration controls (e.g. allocation of task
to the human operator, training etc.)
Other Risk Reduction measures
Corrective and preventive actions
Document control
Risk Analysis
Sl.
No.
Application
1.
SAFETI
2.
SFU
3.
CAFTAN
4.
ETRA
5.
HAZSEC.
HAZOP Study.
6.
HAZTRAC.
7.
PHAST.
Consequence Analysis.
8.
WHAZAN
Consequence Analysis.
Risk Analysis
Sl.
No.
9.
EFFECTS.
Application
10. DAMAGE
11.
PC-FACTS.
12. ASAP
13. FMECA
14. ANEX
16. ALOHA
Consequence Analysis
Risk Analysis
Sl.
No.
Application
17. CLASS
19. RISKA T
20. FACTS
21. OREDA
22. FRED
23. EAHAP
Risk Communication
Seven Cardinal Rules
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
AnklESHwar.