Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
HA
A PP TT EE R
R
C
6
Decision-Making
Processes
Stewart L. Tubbs
McGraw-Hill
Slide 2
Decision-Making Processes
McGraw-Hill
Improving Creativity
Reflective Thinking Process
The Kepner-Tregoe Approach
The Fishbone Technique
Brainstorming
Six Thinking Hats
Incrementation
Mixed Scanning
Tacit Bargaining
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
Slide 3
Improving Creativity
Creative thinking is often characterized as
thinking outside the box.
Creativity can be divided into two phases of
thinking:
Divergent thinking
Convergent thinking
McGraw-Hill
Slide 4
Improving Creativity
Gibson and Hodgetts (1986) identify four
different kinds of creativity that may be
applied to group problem solving.
McGraw-Hill
Innovation
Synthesis
Extension
Duplication
Slide 5
Improving Creativity
Left- and Right-Brain Functions
McGraw-Hill
Slide 6
Creative Decision-Making
Model of Decision-Making
Source: Reprinted with permission of the Free Press, a Division of Macmillan, Inc., from
Slide 7
McGraw-Hill
Define problem.
Analyze causes.
Identify criteria.
Generate solutions.
Choose best solution.
Implement solution.
Slide 8
McGraw-Hill
Slide 9
Fishbone Technique
SSC Ratings for Competing States
McGraw-Hill
2009
Theof
McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Inc. News,
All rights
States
Loss
Atom Smasher,
Ann Arbor
11
Slide 10
McGraw-Hill
Slide 11
Brainstorming
Brainstorming is a lateral thinking process.
Brainstorming encourages open and random
thinking and communications
McGraw-Hill
Slide 12
Brainstorming
Brainstorming emphasizes right-brain
activity.
Rules for brainstorming:
McGraw-Hill
Slide 13
Brainstorming
Alternative Brainstorming Techniques
Random Input
Reframing
Professions approach
Provocation
McGraw-Hill
Slide 14
Brainstorming
Alternative Brainstorming Techniques
SCAMPER system
S=substitute
C=combine
A=adapt
M=modify
P=put to another use
E=eliminate
R=reverse
McGraw-Hill
Slide 15
McGraw-Hill
Slide 16
Incrementalism
Braybrooke and Lindblom (1963) argue that
many governmental policies are adopted
partially as a result of adapting to political
pressure rather than as a result of rational
analysis.
McGraw-Hill
Slide 17
Incrementalism
The term incrementalism refers to the
process of making decisions that result in
change.
Quadrant 1High understanding/large change
Quadrant 2High understanding/incremental
change
Quadrant 3Low understanding/incremental
change
Quadrant 4Low understanding/large change
McGraw-Hill
Slide 18
Mixed Scanning
Etzioni (1968) offers a decision-making
strategy that is a combination of reflective
thinking and incrementalism.
The ability to maintain a balance between
attention to the general and attention to the
specific appears to be a major factor in
successful problem solving.
McGraw-Hill
Slide 19
Tacit Bargaining
Murnighan (1992) refer to tacit bargaining
as bargaining in which communication is
incomplete or impossible.
People can cooperate fairly successfully in some
problem-solving situations if it is to their
advantage to do so.
Mixed-motive situationswhen there is
simultaneous pressure to cooperate and to compete
imply communication procedures that are distinctly
different from those in other problem-solving
situations.
McGraw-Hill
Slide 20
Virtual decision-making
The decision-making process in the virtual process is
a thoughtful and time-consuming process.
Online tools that help groups make decisions are
called decision support systems (DSS).
McGraw-Hill
Slide 21
Slide 22