Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Human Factors and Fitts' Law: Ken Goldberg, IEOR and EECS, UC Berkeley
Human Factors and Fitts' Law: Ken Goldberg, IEOR and EECS, UC Berkeley
What is Ergonomics?
Prof. Wojciech Jastrzebowski
in Poland in 1857:
From two Greek words
Ergon meaning work
and
Nomos meaning principles or laws
Ergonomics = The Science of Work
What is Ergonomics?
Common Definitions
Ergonomics is essentially fitting the workplace to
the worker. The better the fit the higher the level
of safety and worker efficiency. Fitting the Task to
the Human ~ Grandjean 1990
Human Factors
What Is Human Factors?
The following definition was adopted by the
International Ergonomics Association in August
2000:
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific
discipline concerned with the understanding of
interactions among humans and other elements of a
system, and the profession that applies theory,
principles, data, and other methods to design in
order to optimize human well-being and overall
system performance.
from Mike Mandel, Making Good Time (CMP Bulletin vol. 8 no. 2,
California Museum of Photography, UC California, Riverside, 1989)
Gilbreth Video
Hawthorne Effect
Worker Study (1927 - 1932) of the Hawthorne Plant
of the Western Electric Company in Cicero, Illinois.
Led by Harvard Business School professor Elton
Mayo: Effect of varying light levels on Productivity.
Adjust
the back
rest to
provide
firm
support
to the
small of
the back
Fitts Law
A
T = a + b log2( A )
W
ID
Assumption 1
Acceleration ( x ) is piecewise constant
Assumption 2
Acceleration is proportional to target width
Wider targets are easier to reach
larger accelerations possible
Optimal Control
Given a bound on | x | ,
Fastest way to reach a target is to use
bang-bang control
T/2
s = T/2
Position at time T:
s = T/2
Experimental Tests
Homogeneous
Cursor Motions
Fixed
Rectangle Test
Heterogeneous
Cursor Motions
Variable
Rectangle Test
Circle Test
Available Data
Original data set:
Model Parameters
Parameter set using least-squares linear
regression for each user
Average parameters over all users:
Typical User
Models
with
Lowest
RMS Error
Effect Size
Square-root
Law better
Logarithmic
Law better
www.tele-actor.net/fitts/
Cupstacking Video
Outline
Fitts Law Introduction
Kinematics Models of Fitts Task
Symmetric Binary Acceleration Model
Asymmetric Binary Acceleration Model
Response: 1,,N
Information Theory
Base 2 logarithm of the number of
alternatives is a measure of information
Number of bits = log2 N
Corresponds to the average number of yes/no
questions required to identify correct stimulus
In example:
log2 8 = 3 bits
Information Transmitted
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
000
001
010
011
100
101
110
111
Target
Start
Position
Amplitude A Width W
Fitts Formulation
Number of possibilities after response: W
Number of possibilities before response: 2A
Information transmitted = Index of Difficulty
Amplitude A Width W
C = Information capacity of
communication channel
B = channel bandwidth
S = signal strength
N = noise power
Outline
Fitts Law Introduction
Kinematics Models of Fitts Task
Symmetric Binary Acceleration Model
Asymmetric Binary Acceleration Model
Outline
Fitts Law Introduction
Kinematics Models of Fitts Task
Symmetric Binary Acceleration Model
Asymmetric Binary Acceleration Model
1.
2.
3.
Velocity v
Movement Time T
Velocity v
Movement Time T
Outline
Fitts Law Introduction
Kinematics Models of Fitts Task
Symmetric Binary Acceleration Model
Asymmetric Binary Acceleration Model
Mouse
First mouse (1964):
Douglas Engelbart and William English