HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

OF ORGANIZED CRIME

SCOPE OF PRESENTATION
III. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Origin of Organized Crime
Background of Organized Crime
Context of Organized Crime
Characteristics of Organized Crime
Traditional Organized Crime
Organized Crime in the Philippines
Activities of Organized Crime
Development of Organized Crime

Government and Organized

Crime
Philippine Laws on Organized
Crime
Assessment on Organized
Crime

STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
1. What is Organized Crime?
2. What are the Characteristics of Organized Crime?
3. What are the different traditional crime groups?
4. What are the different organized crime groups in the
Philippines?
5. What are the activities of organized crime group and the
Philippine laws punishing such crimes?

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Carnapping - is the taking, with intent to gain, of a motor vehicle
belonging to another without the latter's consent, or by means of violence
against or intimidation of persons, or by using force upon things.
Cartel - is a combination of producers to control, monopolize, and restrict
competition of the sale and price of a particular product or service.
Crime - an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be
prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.
Drug Trafficking - is a global illicit trade involving the cultivation,
manufacture, distribution and sale of substances which are subject to
drugprohibition laws.
Economic Crimes are non-violent illegal acts committed for economic
gain or to cause economic harm.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Extortion - the practice of obtaining something, especially money,
through force or threats.
Gambling - to bet on an uncertain outcome, as of a contest; to play a
game of chance for stakes; to take a risk in the hope of gaining an
advantage or a benefit.
Gang an organized group of criminals; a group of criminals or
hoodlums who band together for mutual protection and profit; a group
of adolescents who band together, especially a group of delinquents.
Organization - refers to two or more persons forming an association
to conduct business. Individuals organize to function as a whole to
become more effective and efficient.

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Organized Crime - is a category of transnational, national, or local
groupings of highly centralized enterprises run bycriminals, who intend to
engage in illegal activity, most commonly for money and profit.
Prostitution - the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity
with someone for payment; the unworthy or corrupt use of one's talents
for the sake of personal or financial gain.
Racketeering refers to the variety of means by which organized crime
groups, through the use of violence, actual or implied, gain control of labor
unions or legitimate businesses.
Syndicate - refers to an association of individuals who wish to carry out a
business transaction, usually financial in nature. The risk of any single
investor
is
diminished
because
of
this
partnership.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Organized crime is a growing international phenomenon
and, as it intersects with terrorism, an increasingly
dangerous force . (McCarthy, 2011)
Pirates, highwaymen and bandits attacked trade routes
and roads, at times severely disrupting commerce, raising
costs, insurance rates and prices to the consumer.
According to criminologist Paul Lunde, piracy and banditry
were to the pre-industrial world what organized crime is
modern society.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Organized crime groups seek out corrupt public officials in
executive, law enforcement, and judicial roles so that their
activities can avoid, or at least receive early warnings about,
investigation and prosecution. (Garcia, 2011)
In this era of globalization, and the advent of technology, we
are no longer only experiencing the traditional economic
crimes such as embezzlement, drug trafficking and common
fraud, but we are confronted with modern economic crimes
that occur at the touch of a button and have no boundaries,
such as Money Laundering, Credit Card Fraud and other
Financial Crimes. (126th ISS Report)

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Traditions and political structures conducive to corruption
are also very important to the development of organized
crime. The role attributed to urban political machineries is
not unique in this respect. (Soriano, 2012)
The technological and organizational opportunity to set up
global networks has transformed, and empowered,
organized crime. (Castells, 1998)

CHAPTER III
PRESENTATION OF DATA
Origin of Organized Crime
Organized Crime
- Mafia, the Syndicate, Costa Nostra
- Shakespeares lines, a rose by any other name
17th Century, the pirates as the earliest organized group
Urban centers of the late 19th century and early 20th American century
- original sites because urban conditions provided the kind of
environment in which organized crimes could flourish

CHAPTER III
PRESENTATION OF DATA
Origin of Organized Crime
Thug, or gang -early
- 13th century India in India.
critical mass
- the size and the density of urban networks allowed criminal forms of organization
to become diversified and encouraged the growth of essential services
ex. Little Italies, 20th century
- residents of the Little Italies of many eastern industrialized urban areas had to
contend with a crude form of protection racket known as La Mano Negra or the
Black Hand.

CHAPTER III
PRESENTATION OF DATA
Origin of Organized Crime
Racketeering
- Significant area of enterprise
- refers to the variety of means by which organized crime groups,
through the use of violence, actual or implied, gain control of labor
unions or legitimate businesses

Background of Organized Crime

Soviet Union and the Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe

Developing areas in which organized crime operates

-Illegal Drugs
-Drug Trafficking
-Computer- related Crime
-Theft of Technology
-Industrial Espionage
-Arms dealing
-Art and Cultural Object Theft
-Dealing of body parts such as kidneys and hearts
-Kidnapping
-Human trafficking
-Slavery and prostitution

CONTEXT OF ORGANIZED
CRIMES

- seen as an extremely serious problem in the post-Soviet societies of Eastern

Europe, developed their entrepreneurial skill in the context of such market
economies
- traditions and political structures conducive to corruption are also very
important to the development of organized crime
rich and poor
Organized Crime

political and law enforcement corruption

CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIZED CRIME

1.
2.
3.
4.

It is conspiracy activity involving coordination of members.

Economic gain is their primary goal.
Economic gain is their primary goal.
Employs predatory tactics such as intimidation, violence
and corruption.
5. Effective control over members, associates, and victims.
6. Organized crime does not include terrorist dedicated to
political change.

TRADITIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME

1. Italian-American Mafia
The word Mafia did not appear in print until the mid-1860s and was thought
to be understood by most Sicilians. Part of the dialect used in the poorer
districts of Palermo, Sicily, Mafia and mafioso commonly referred to beauty,
perfection, grace, and excellence, but when applied to a man, mafioso
connotes pride, self-confidence, and vainglorious behavior (Hess 1973).
Cosa means a family consisting of a handful to over one hundred (100)
members under the leadership of a capo. Each family claims an illicit monopoly
in a certain territory. They are coordinated on the provincial level by a so-called
commisionne or copula. Above the provincial level, a commisionne
interprovinciale has been created as the supreme coordinated body.

TRADITIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME

2. Japans Yakuza
Yakuza comes from a card game called oichokabu, which is like
baccarat because the point value of a particular hand is based on
the final digit of that hands total score. To illustrate, the literal
meaning of yakuza comes from a hand that contains cards worth 8
+ 9 + 3 = 20 points. The point value of each card in the hand
creates the three syllables of the word yakuza: ya for yattsu, which
means eight, ku stands for nine, and za for san, three, all of which
combine to produce yakuza.
The word yakuza would be used to denote a person who is not
valued by society, a misfit, loser, or outcast. These meanings would
become central to yakuza identity, since the Yakuza traditionally
liked to project the image of being underdogs or rejects.

Yakuza Hierarchy

3. Chinese Triads
The Triads were started as a resistance to the Manchu
Emperor of the Qing Dynasty. The ethnic Manchus were
regarded as a foreign occupants at that time. In the 1760s,
a society called the Tian Di Hui, The Society of Heaven
and Earth, was formed in China. Its purpose was to
overthrow the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty and restore Han
Chinese rule. As the Tian Di Hui spread through different
parts of China, it branched off into many groups and
became known by many names, one of which was
Sanhehui, literally Three Harmonies Society, referring
to the unity between Heaven, Earth and Man.

3. Chinese Triads

Chinese Triads Hierarchy

ORGANIZED CRIME IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Francisco Group
2. Pentagon Group
3. Rex Wacky Salud

ACTIVITIES OF ORGANIZED
CRIME
1.Drug Trafficking
2.Kidnap-for-Ransom
3.Robbery-Hold-Up
4.Carnapping

DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZED CRIME

The newest growth sectors for organized crimes

are identity theft and online extortion.
Organized crime using the internet is much harder
to trace down for the police

GOVERNMENT AND
ORGANIZED CRIME
World-famous political and military leaders have been accused of running
their countries like criminal organizations:
Joseph Stalin
Adolf Hitler
Mao Zedong
Nicolae Ceausescu
Idi Amin Dada
Manuel Antonio
Noriega Moreno
and Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet Ugarte

PHILIPPINE LAWS ON ORGANIZED CRIME

there is no law that specifically defines and punished organized crime.
Therefore, it is not regarded as crime per se, in the same manner that an
individual cannot be regarded as a criminal by merely associating with an
organized crime.
In the absence of specific law in the Philippines against organized crime,
conspiracy may find application.
A conspiracy exists when two or more persons come to an agreement
concerning the commission of a felony and decide to commit it.
the R.A. No. 9160 or the Anti-Money Laundering Act was enacted in
2001, and amended by R.A. No. 9194

ASSESSMENT ON ORGANIZED CRIME

Organized crimes keep their illegal operations secret and members
confer by word of mouth.
Gangs sometimes becomes sufficiently systematic to be called organized.
A criminal organization depends in part on support from the society in
which it exists.
integrated into lawful society, shielded by corrupt law enforcement
officers and politicians.

CONCLUSIONS
Organized Crime Groups continuously exist without any clear explanations about
their existence. Such groups acquires money regardless of means, may it be legal or
illegal as long as they earned money to continue their existence and gain more
power through different criminal activities.
Organized Crime Groups continue to exist due to strong type of administration. From
its leaders to its members, the laws were promulgated well. Its members loyalty,
swift discipline and other in-house rules even eliminating lives that could affect the
entire organization and other criminal businesses. Their organization is bond with
strong will to achieve economic gain through any means. Proof written in the history
were traditional organized groups that persisted so many years and had been part of
our history, namely, Italian- American Mafia; Japans Yakuza; and Chinese Triad.
In the Philippines, four (4) groups had been so famous in committing crimes; the
Kuratong Baleleng Group; the Pentagon Group; the Lexuz Group and Rex Wacky
Salud Group. These groups had been notoriously committing crimes beyond the
governments capacity to eradicate all of them. One group might have fallen but
time will come another one will be created. Yet, no preventive measures have been
created to avoid such creation of these groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Organized Crime Groups time by time create different means to gain money and
power. Most famous activities were Drug Trafficking, Kidnap for Ransom, Robbery
hold up and carnapping. These activities may give the organization more profit
comparing to petty activities just made to cover up their real businesses.
In the Philippines, no law specifically defines organized crime. Our country
created specific laws that deal with specific crimes that can be found in Revised
Penal Code and Special Penal Laws. Therefore, an individual cannot be regarded
as a criminal by merely joining an organized crime group unless it becomes a
syndicate, a group of three or more persons conspiring or confederating with one
another committing crimes covered by Philippine Special Laws like illegal
recruitment, trafficking in persons, estafa, and other illegal activities. In addition,
in the absence of specific law against organized crime, the provision in the
Revised Penal Code on conspiracy may find application. It exists when two or
more persons comes to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and
decide to commit it. In this aspect, co-conspirators share equal criminal liabilities
regardless of their level of participation.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Through studying and reading few knowledge about the historical
development of organized crime, I strongly recommend the following:
The existence of organized crime groups aiming to acquire dirty money to its
society regardless of means employ to commit it must be given priority of the
government. As they build a strong administration to gain success on their
criminal activities, our government must also take advance steps to conquer
the enemy.
Their unquestionable loyalty and resilient discipline covered by their own laws
must be taken into consideration. The world knew the history of mafia, yakuza
and even the triads. Leaders must know that the organized crime groups were
not just a simple group to be eradicated. Through history, their hierarchy
shows how established they are and how strong they may be. It is far more
than a simple criminal to wipe out, it is a huge enemy to be confronted which
requires more extensive research and studies about their administration.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Philippine organize crime groups on the other hand, might not be as organized
as the groups previously mentioned, but our government must take into
consideration that through our technology today nothing is impossible. They
could acquire more massive way of committing crimes to gain what they aim
for.
If their most famous activities were Drug Trafficking, Kidnap for Ransom,
Robbery hold up and carnapping, our law enforcers should keep an eye on
these crimes and conduct more trainings for them to be advanced in battling
these crimes. Informing the society regarding such unlawful activities and
teaching them how not to become a victim may also help our country in facing
huge problems in the mere future.
The Philippines has no specific law punishing organized crime group, hence,
our law makers must formulate new laws that will prevent them in organizing
such group before illicit activities be committed.

End of
Presentation