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Allowable Bending Stress: Symmetrical About The Minor Axis Bent About Their Major Axis
Allowable Bending Stress: Symmetrical About The Minor Axis Bent About Their Major Axis
Allowable Bending Stress: Symmetrical About The Minor Axis Bent About Their Major Axis
BEAMS
ALLOWABLE
BENDING STRESS
I. The following NSCP provisions are applicable only for sections that
are
170
a)
2t f
Fy
bf
tf
500
Fy
d 1680
fa
b)
1 3.74
tw
Fy
Fy
when f a 0.16
Fy
fa
d
675
when
0.16
tw
Fy
Fy
If fa is not given
then it is assumed
to be zero
Fb Fy
170
a)
Fy
bf
0.79 0.00076
2t
f
bf
250
2t f
Fy
Fy
f a
fa
d 1680
b)
1 3.74
when 0.16
tw
Fy
Fy
Fy
fa
d
675
when
0.16
tw
Fy
Fy
STEEL DESIGN
Fb = 0.60Fy
for compression fibers:
1) Fb 0.75 Fy
bf
170
when
2t f
Fy
2) Fb Fy 1.075 0.0019
bf
170
Fy 2t f
bf
2t f
250
Fy
Fy when
M Fb S
2t f
bf
170
500
or
Fy
Fy
2t f
Case 2:
bf
170
Fy
bf
2t f
170
500
or
Fy
Fy
175
Fy
250
2t f
Fy
250
Fy
d
tw
and
d
tw
d
1680
675
or
and
tw
Fy
Fy
1680
675
or
Fy
Fy
d 1680
tw
Fy
1680
Fy
Fb 0.66 Fy
bf
Fb Fy 0.79 0.00076
2
t
Fy
Case 3:
a)
170
Fy
bf
2t f
b)
170
Fy
bf
2t f
bf
250
2t f
Fy
170
Fy
250
Fy
and
d
tw
d 1680
tw
Fy
1680
Fy
Fb 0.6 Fy
bf
250
2t f
Fy
170
Fy
250
Fy
Fb 0.6 Fy
bf
2t f
170
Fy
Example:
1. Compute the resisting moment of a W310 x 97 with
a) Fy = 248 MPa b) Fy = 345 MPa
Assume the section has full lateral support for its compression
flange.
Section Properties:
W310 x 97
A = 12300 mm2
d = 308 mm
tw = 9.91 mm
rx = 134 mm
bf = 305 mm
ry = 77mm
tf = 15.4 mm
Solution
a) Fy=248 MPa
Fb 0.66 Fy
bf
305
9 .9
2t f 2(15.4)
170 170
10.8
Fy
248
Fb 0.66(248) 163.68MPa
bf
2t f
170
Fy
M Fb S x
163.68(1.44)(10) 6
M
6
(10)
M 235.7 kN .m
d
308
31.08 d 1680
675
t w 9.91
or
tw
Fy
Fy
1680 1680
106.68
Section is Compact
Fy
248
Solution
b) Fy=345 MPa
bf
305
9 .9
2t f 2(15.4)
170 170
9.15
Fy
345
250 250
13.46
Fy
345
bf
Fb Fy 0.79 0.00076
2t
Fy
M Fb S x
170
Fy
bf
250
2t f
Fy
224.34(1.44)(10) 6
M
(10) 6
M 323.05kN .m
d
308
31.08 d
1680
t w 9.91
tw
Fy
1680 1680
90.45
Section is Semi -Compact
Fy
345
Example:
2. Compute the resisting moment of a W310 x 135 with
Fy = 345 MPa. Consider tension fibers only.
Assume the section has full lateral support for its compression
flange.
Section Properties:
W310 x 135
A = 15300 mm2
d = 308 mm
tw = 9.91 mm
rx = 145 mm
bf = 400 mm
ry = 77mm
tf = 14 mm
bf
400
14.28
2t f 2(14)
M Fb S x
207(1.86)(10) 6
M
(10) 6
M 385.02kN .m
170 170
9.15
Fy
345
250 250
13.46
Fy
345
170
Fy
bf
250
2t f
Fy
Section is non-compact
Fb 0.6 Fy
Fb 0.6(345) 207 MPa
LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED
BEAMS
ALLOWABLE
BENDING STRESS
Fy
2
rt
Fy
6
3 10.55 x10 Cb
a) Fb
when
Fb
703000Cb l
Fy
rt
1170 x103 Cb
when
rt
l
rt
3520000
Fy
Fb
83 x103 Cb A f
ld
Lu is the maximum of
200b f
138000A f
and
dFy
Fy
rT =
radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression
flange plus 1/3 of the compression web area, taken about an axis in the
plane of the web, mm.
Af = bftf area of the compression flange, mm2
Cb =
How to determine rt
bf
tf
d 2t f
6
tw
N.A
A = area of the compression flange + one third of the area of the compression web
A bf t f
I
(d 2t f )
t f (b f ) 3
12
tw
1 d 2t f
(
)(t w ) 3
12
6
rt
I
A
L LC
LC
200b f
Fy
Fb 0.66 Fy
Case 2: LC L Lu
LC
200b f
Fy
Lu
138000 A f
dFy
Fb 0.60 Fy
L Lu
Case 3:
1. LC
2. Lu
3.
and
703000Cb L
Fy
rt
3520000Cb
Fy
200b f
Fy
6. rt
138000 A f
dFy
7.
I
A
L
rt
4. A b f t f
5. I
t f (b f ) 3
12
(d 2t f )
6
tw
1 d 2t f
(
)(t w ) 3
12
6
8.
9.
703000Cb
Fy
3520000Cb
Fy
Fy
2
rt
Fy
6
3 10.55 x10 Cb
10.
a) Fb
11.
83 x103 Cb A f
Fb
Ld
Use bigger value of
Fb but not to exceed
0.6Fy
L Lu
Case 4:
1. LC
2. Lu
3.
and
rt
3520000Cb
Fy
200b f
Fy
6. rt
138000 A f
dFy
7.
I
A
L
rt
4. A b f t f
5. I
t f (b f ) 3
12
(d 2t f )
6
tw
1 d 2t f
(
)(t w ) 3
12
6
8.
9.
10.
Fb
11. Fb
1170 x103 Cb
L
rt
83 x103 Cb A f
Ld
703000Cb
Fy
3520000Cb
Fy
Example
solution
LC
Lu
200b f
Fy
200(368.80)
4683.76mm L
248
138000 A f
dFy
138000(368.8)(18)
10373.35mm L
356.1(248)
therefore : L Lu , Case 3 or 4
A bf t f
I
(d 2t f )
t f (b f ) 3
12
[356.1 2(18)]
t w 368.8(18)
(11.2) 7235.92mm 2
6
3
1 d 2t f
18
(
368
)
1[356.1 2(18)]
3
(
)(t w )
(11.2) 3
12
6
12
12(6)
I 75.24 x(10) 6 mm 4
I
75.24(10) 6
rt
101.97 mm
A
7235.92
L 12000
117 .68
rt 101.97
703000Cb
Fy
703000(1)
53.34
248
3520000Cb
3520000(1)
119 .14
Fy
248
703000Cb L
Fy
rt
3520000Cb
Fy
Fy
rt
2 248(117 .68) 2
2
a) Fb
Fy
248 84.6 MPa
6
6
3 10.55 x10 Cb
3 10.55 x(10) (1)
83 x103 Cb A f
83(10) 3 (1) 368.8 (18)
Fb
128.94 MPa
Use
Ld
12000(356.1)
0.6 Fy 0.6(248) 148.8MPa
Fb 128.94 MPa
2
Problem
A WF section carries a uniformly distributed load of 30 kN/m
including its own weight and a concentrated load of P acting at
the midspan. If the beam is laterally unsupported, determine
the safe value of P when
a) L = 3.0 m b) L =6.0m c) L = 8.0 m d) L = 10 m
Properties of WF 410 x 114
A = 14600 mm
d = 420 mm bf = 261 mm tf = 19.33 mm
tw = 11.6 mm
Fy = 248 MPa
Sx = 2000 x 10 mm
Sy = 439 x 10 mm
a) L = 3 m
LC
200b f
Fy
200(261)
3314.7 mm L
248
4
8
P (3) 30(3) 2
327.36
4
8
P 391.48kN
b) L = 6 m
Lu
138000 A f
dFy
138000(261)(19.33)
6684.22mm
420(248)
LC L Lu
2000(10)3
M Fb S x 148.8
297.6kN .m
6
(10)
PL wL2
M
4
8
P (6) 30(6) 2
297.6
4
8
P 108.12kN
c) L = 8 m
(d 2t f )
[420 2(19.33)]
A bf t f
t w 261(19.33)
(11.6) 5782.39mm 2
6
6
3
t f (b f ) 3 1 d 2t f
19
.
33
(
261
)
1[420 2(19.33)]
3
I
(
)(t w )
(11.6) 3
12
12
6
12
12(6)
I 27.33 x(10) 6 mm 4
I
27.33(10) 6
rt
68.74mm
A
5782.39
L 8000
116 .36
rt 68.74
703000Cb
Fy
703000(1)
53.34
248
3520000Cb
3520000(1)
119 .14
Fy
248
53.34 116 .36 119 .14
a) Fb
3520000Cb
Fy
Fy
rt
2 248(116 .36) 2
2
Fy
248 86.4 MPa
6
6
3 10.55 x10 Cb
3 10.55 x(10) (1)
703000Cb L
Fy
rt
83 x103 Cb A f
83 x103 (1)261(19.33)
Fb
124.63MPa
Ld
(8000)(420)
0.6(248) 143.8MPa
2000(10) 3
M Fb S x 124.63
249.26kN .m
6
(10)
PL wL2
M
4
8
P (8) 30(8) 2
249.26
4
8
P 4.63kN
d) L = 10 m
L 10000
145.47
rt 68.74
145.47 119 .14
Use
Fb 124.63MPa
a) Fb
b) Fb
Fy
rt
2 248(145.47) 2
2
Fy
248 41.98MPa
6
6
3 10.55 x10 Cb
3 10.55 x(10) (1)
3
3
1170 x10 Cb
L
rt
2000(10) 3
M Fb S x 55.29
110 .58kN .m
6
(10)
PL wL2
M
4
8
P (10) 30(10) 2
110 .58
4
8
P 105.77 kN The beam is not adequate to support the 30 kN/m
Plate No. 1
d = 529 mm
tw = 9.65 mm
rx = 134 mm
bf = 166 mm
ry = 77mm
tf = 16.51 mm
Wt = 134.5 kg/m
tw = 11.2 mm
bf = 368.8 mm
tf = 18 mm
Assuming full lateral support, compute the maximum value of P when
a) Fy = 248 MPa
b) Fy = 345 MPa
Neglect the weight of the beam
II
A WF section carries a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN/m including its own
weight and a concentrated load of P acting at the third points of the beam. If the
beam is laterally unsupported, determine the safe value of P when
a) L = 2.4 m b) L =4.2m c) L = 6.0 m
Properties of WF 300 x 42
d = 300 mm
bf = 200 mm
tf = 13.11 mm
tw = 7.47 mm
Ix = 120.75 x 106 mm4
Fy = 250 MPa
III
A simple beam is made up of W640 x 153 (Fy = 248 MPa) and is 6m long.
the bearing length at the support is120mm and at the concentrated load is 150mm.
A load P acting in the plane of the web is acting at the midspan. tw = 12.7mm, tf = 18.6 mm
d = 641 and k = 43.2 mm.
Neglecting the weight of the beam determine the following:
a) maximum value of P so that the member is safe against web yielding
b )maximum value of P so that the member is safe against web crippling
c) maximum value of P the member could carry
a)
Concentrated Load
R
0.66 Fy
t w (N 5k)
P
0.66(248)
12.7[150 5(43.2)]
P 760,817 N
Re action
R
0.66 Fy
t w ( N 2.5k )
P
0.66(248)
2(12.7)[120 2.5(43.2)]
P 947.903.6 N
Use
P 760,817 N
N t w 1.5 Fywt f
R 177.2(t w ) {1 3( )( ) }
d tf
tw
2
Fv = 0.4Fy
The effective area in resisting shear is taken as the overall
depth times the web thickness
Therefore,
Av = d tw
V
fv
Fv
d tw
The shear stress distribution across any section subjected to bending can
be computed using the equation
VQ
fv
Ib
Example
What is the span length L and the uniformly distributed load w (excluding the beam
weight) for a beam of A36 steel (Fy = 248 MPa) shown such that either Fv or Fb
will control? The beam is restrained against lateral buckling only at the supports.
Wt = 134.5 kg/m
d = 356.1 mm
bf = 368.8 mm
tw = 11.2 mm
tf = 18 mm
W kN/m
W14 x 90
Max Shear
Max Moment
Shear
V
FV
d tw
0.4 Fy
WL
V
2
Bending
d
Fb M 2
Ix
WL2
M
8
Subject
To checking
V
dt w
WL(1000)
2(356.1)(11.2)
WL 791.28 EQ.1 W in kN/m, L in M
0.4(248)
Md
0.6 Fy
2I x
WL2 (356.1)(10) 6
0.6(248)
2(8)(415815)(10) 3
WL2 2780.04 W in kN/m, L in M
WL( L) 2780.04
791.28L 2780.04
L 3.51m
Check
LC
200b f
Fy
Adjust Fb = 0.66Fy
200(368.8)
4683.7 mm L
248
Md
0.66 Fy
2I x
WL2 (356.1)(10) 6
0.66(248)
2(8)(415815)(10) 3
WL2 3058.04
WL( L) 3058.04
791.28L 3058.04
L 3.86m 4683.7 mm
UseL 3.86m
WL 791.28
3.86W 791.28
W 205kN / m
Examples
Compute the shear capacity of a wide flange section having a flange
thickness of 10 mm, flange width of 200 mm, and web thickness of 20
mm. Distance from top to bottom of the flange is 300 mm. Fy = 300
MPa
Given :
Location of
Maximum shearing
stress
N.A
150
12
9
300
VQ
fv
Ib
Solution
V 90kN 90,000 N
Q 382,050mm3
I 108,000,000mm
b 9mm
VQ
f v max
Ib
90,000(382,050)
f v max
35.375MPa
108,000,000(9)
4
R
x
k
N+2.5k
N + 5k
Toe of
fillet
R
N
d
k
WEB CRIPPLING
Section 511.2.4 of NSCP specifies that bearing stiffeners shall be
provided in the webs of members under concentrated loads, when
the compressive force exceeds the following limits
When the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less than d/2 from the
end of the member
F
t
t
N
yw
f
2
w 1.5
R 177.2(t w ) {1 3( )( ) }
d tf
tw
N t w 1.5 Fywt f
R 89.3(t w ) {1 3( )( ) }
d tf
tw
2
Example
The beam shown is made up of W840 x 193 (Fy = 248 MPa) and is 8m
long.The bearing length at the support is100mm and at the
Concentrated load is 120mm. A load P acting in the plane of the web is acting
at the midspan.tw = 14.7mm,tf= 21.7 mm , d = 840.5 and k = 42.2 mm.
Neglecting the weight of the beam determine the following:
a) maximum value of P so that the member is safe against web yielding
b )maximum value of P so that the member is safe against web crippling
c) maximum value of P the member could carry
P
W
8m
W840 x 193
a)
Concentrated Load
R
0.66 Fy
t w (N 5k)
P
0.66(248)
14.7[120 5(42.2)]
P 796417.78 N
Re action
R
0.66 Fy
t w ( N 2.5k )
P
0.66(248)
2(14.7)[100 2.5(42.2)]
P 988905.46 N
Use
P 796417.78 N
b)
Fywt f
N t w 1 .5
R 177.2(t w ) {1 3( )( ) }
d tf
tw
2
c) P =796417.78N
BEAM
BEARING
PLATE
When the ends of beams are supported by direct bearing on concrete or
other masonry construction it is frequently necessary to distribute the
beam reactions over the masonry by means of beam bearing plates. The
reaction is assumed to be spread uniformly through the bearing plate to
the masonry and the masonry is assumed to push up against the plate with
a uniform pressure equal to fp.
MASONRY BEARING
In the absence of Code regulations the following stresses apply:
On sandstone and limestone.
Fp = 2.76 MPa
On brick in cement..
Fp = 1.72 MPa
Fp = 0.35fc
A2
Fp 0.35 fc'
0.7 Fc '
A1
R
Fp
BN
Where :
Fp = allowable bearing stress at the support (MPa)
R = support reaction (N)
B = width of the bearing plate
N = length of the bearing plate which must be
checked for web crippling and web yeilding
t 2n
fp
Fy
Where :
fp = actual bearing stress
Fy = yield stress of the bearing plate
n = B/2 k
k same as in web yielding
Critical section
for bending of the
plate
fp
n
B
Example
As shown in the figure, a W section is to be supported at the end by
a masonry wall which has an allowable bearing strength of 1.72
MPa. If Fy = 248 MPa , bf = 190.88 mm,k = 37.5 mm , tw = 12.38
mm, d=456 mm, determine the following:
a)
The required dimension of the bearing plate if the ratio of the length
of bearing: plate to its width is approximately 2/3.
b)
9m
R
solution
wL 35(9)
157.5kN
2
2
2
B N
3
Check for web yielding
R
A
R
0.66( Fy )
FP
R
BN
R
FP
2
R
NN
3
FP
t w ( N 2.5k )
R
0.66(248)
12.38[370 2.5(37.5)]
R 939723 N 939.72kN 157.5kN o.k
2 2 157.5(1000)
N
3
1.72
N 370mm
2
B (370) 246.67 say 250 mm
3
try 250 mm x 370 mm bearing plate
fp
Fy
1.7
t 2(87.5)
14.49 mm say 16 mm
248
Use 250 mm x 370 mm x 16 mm plate
2E
limiting slenderness ratio
yp
Proportional limit
Le/r
Limiting slenderness ratio
As indicated in the graph, the Eulers formula is applicable only for kL/r
value not less than the limiting slenderness ratio
when
kL
2E
,
r
yp
2E
2
Le
P 2 Er 2
A
le
r
I
A
2 EI
P 2
le
On the other hand, when kL/r value is less than the limiting
slenderness ratio, the allowable axial stress at the proportional
limit is simply equal to the axial load divided by the crosssectional area of the member
when
kL
2E
r
yp
P
AISC Specifications
Limiting Slenderness Ratio
cc
If
2 2 E
Fy
Le
Cc (Intermediate Column)
r
2
Le
r y
Fa 1
2
2Cc FS
L L
3 e e
5
r r
Where FS
3
3
8Cc
8 Cc
Le
Cc (Long Column)
r
12 2 E
Fa
2
L
23 e
r
For both cases
If
Fa
P
A
BUCKLING FACTORS K
k = 0.5
k = 1.00
k = 0.7
k = 2.0
I
3. Solve for the least radius of gyration r
A
Le
4. Solve for the slenderness ratio L e kL,
r
2 2 E
5. Solve for C C
Fy
Le
6. If
Cc (Intermediate Column)
r
2
L
e
r y
Fa 1
2
2Cc FS
Le Le
3
5
r r
Where FS
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
Le
Cc (Long Column)
r
12 2 E
Fa
2
Le
23
r
7. Solve for column Capacity
PC AFa P
If
Example
Find the maximum axial load that the W200 x 46 column
can safely carry if its effective length is 6m. Fy = 248
MPa and E = 200 GPa.
Section Properties
A = 5860 mm2
I = 15.3 x 106 mm4
r = 51.1 mm
Le 6000
117 .42
r 51.1
2 2 E
2 2 200000
Cc
Fy
248
Cc 126.17
Le
Cc
r
Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
117
.
42
)
1
(
117
.
42
)
FS r r 3
1.91
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)
Le 2
( ) F
2
248
(
117
.
42
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
73.61MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.91
73.61
P AFa 5860
431.35kN
1000
Problem
51.55
r
77.6
Cc
2 2 E
Fy
2 2 200000
106.97
345
Le
L
) 1( e ) 3
5
5 3(51.55)
1(51.55) 3
r
r
FS
1.83
3
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(106.97) 8(106.97)
3(
Le 2
) F
2
345
(
51
.
55
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
166.63MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(106.97) 1.83
166.63
P AFa 15000
2499.5kN
1000
(
206.18
r
77.6
Cc
2 2 E
Fy
2 2 200000
106.97
345
Le
Cc (Long Column)
r
12 2 E
12 2 200000
Fa
24.23MPa
2
2
23(206.18)
Le
23
r
24.23
PC 15000
363.4kN
1000
Problem
A W 530 x 290 section with 180 mm x 20 mm plate placed on the top of
d = 529 mm
tw = 9.65 mm
rx = 134 mm
bf = 166 mm
ry = 77mm
tf = 16.51 mm
180
20
y
529
Section
180x20
W530 x 290
A y ay
a
3600
ay
36000
529
20 284.5 2,698,198
2
A 13084
ay 2,734,198
9484
13084 y 2,734,198
y 208.97
y
10
180
y
y 208.97
20
198.97
75.53
340.03
529
264.5
I x ( I Ad 2 )
bh 3
Ix (
) Plate Aplate d plate I xW AW dW
12
180(20) 3
Ix
36000(198.97) 2 4.09 x108 9484(75.53) 2
12
I x 1,889 x10 6 mm 4
180
y
y 208.97
20
198.97
75.53
529
340.03
264.5
bh 3
Iy (
) Plate I yW
12
20(180) 3
Iy
39.67 x106
12
I y 47.39 x10 6 mm 3 Use I 47.39x10 6 mm 4
least radius of gyration r
47.39(10) 6
60.18mm
13084
66.47
r
60.18
Cc
2 2 E
Fy
2 2 200000
106.97
345
Le
L
) 1( e ) 3
5
5 3(66.47) 1(66.47) 3
r
r
FS
1.87
3
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(106.97) 8(106.97)
3(
Le 2
) F
2
345
(
66
.
47
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
148.87 MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(106.97) 1.87
148.87
P AFa 13084
1947.82kN
1000
(
132.93
r 60.18
2 2 E
2 2 200000
Cc
106.97
Fy
345
12 2 E 12 2 200000
Fa
58.28MPa
2
Le 2 23(132.93)
23( )
r
58.28
P AFa 13084
762.53kN
1000
II
The W section is reinforced at top and bottom flanges by a 250 mm
wide by 16 mm thick plate is used as a column with with a length of
5.0 m. Determine the safe axial load the column can carry using
AISC specifications with Fy = 345 MPa when:
a) column ends are fixed
b) one end of the column is fixed; the hinged
c) both ends are hinged 200 mm
13.41
t w 8.08mm
250 mm
Problem
A section has the following properties:
A = 22000 mm2,
Ix = 50 x 106 mm4,
Iy = 80 x 106 mm4 and
Pxy = 20 x 106 mm4
Pyx = -20 x 106 mm4
Find the minimum and maximum radius of gyration.
Example
Determine the maximum safe capacity of an axially
loaded hinged ends column having an unsupported
length of 4m. Fy = 248 MPa and E = 200 GPa. Use
AISC Specifications.
100
25
175
25
P M xC y M yC x
fa
A
Ix
Iy
Sign Convention:
Compression = Positive(+),
NSCP SPECIFICATIONS
Members subjected to both axial compression and bending stresses shall
be proportioned to satisfy the following requirements:
1. When
fa
0.15
Fa
f a f bx f by
1.0
Fa Fbx Fby
fa
2. When
0.15
Fa
Stability requirement
Strength requirement
Cmx f by
fa
Cmx f bx
1.0
Fa 1 f a
F
fa
1
Fby
bx
F
'
F
'
ex
ey
fa
f bx f by
(b)
1.0
0.60 Fy Fbx Fby
(a)
Where:
fa =
fb =
Fa =
Fb =
F 'e
12 2 E
k L
23 b b
rb
MPa
1)
Cm Values
For compression members in frames subject to joint translation (sidesway)
Cm = 0.85
M1
Cm 0.60 0.40
0.40
M2
3)
For compression members in frames braced against joint translation in the plane
of loading and subjected to transverse loading between their supports, the value
of Cm may be determined by rational analysis. However, in lieu of such analysis,
the following values may be used:
a) For members whose ends are restrained
Cm = 0.85
b) For members whose ends are unrestrained
Cm = 1.0
Example
A W250 x 167 section is used as a column of hinged ends with a length of
6m. To what extent along the plane of the web could an eccentric load of
200 kN be placed. Fy = 248 MPa and E = 200 GPa. Use the formula for
combined stress.
W250 x 167 properties:
A = 21300 mm2
Sx = 2080 x 103 mm3
rx = 119 mm
Sy = 746 x 103 mm3
ry = 68.10 mm
P 200(1000)
fa
9.39 MPa
A
21300
Le kL 1.0(6000) 6000
Le 6000
88.11
r
68.10
Cc
2 2 E
Fy
2 2 200000
126.17
248
Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
88
.
11
)
1
(
88
.
11
)
FS r r 3
1.88
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)
Fa
Le 2
( ) F
2
248
(
88
.
11
)
y
r
1
1
99.75MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.88
S x 2080(10) 3
fa
9.39
0.09 0.15
Fa 99.75
fa
fb
1.0
Fa Fb
9.39
200000e
1.0
3
99.75 2080(10) (148)
e 1394.31mm
Problem
A steel column 3.6 m long and hinged at both ends is used to
Carry an axial load of 1000 kN. The column is subject to end moments
(reverse curvature with M1 = 90%M2). The allowable axial stress is
115 MPa and the allowable bending stress is 149 MPa. Fy =248 MPa
The properties of the section are:
A=13000 mm2, Sx=120,000 mm3, rx = 94mm
Determine the following
a) The computed actual axial stress
b) The computed bending stress
c) moment capacity of the column
0.669 0.15
Fa
115
stability requirement
M1
Cm 0.60 0.40
M2
0.9 M 2
Cm 0.6 0.4
0.24 0.4 Use C m 0.40
M2
F 'e
12 2 E
2
12 2 (200000)
702.16 MPa
1[3600] 2
23(
)
94
23 kL
rx
fa
Cm f b
1.0
Fa 1 f a
F
b
F
'
e
0.4 f b
76.92
1
76.92
115
1
149
702.16
f b 109.83MPa
strength requirement
fa
fb
1 .0
0.6 Fy Fb
fb
76.72
1
0.6(248) 149
f b 71.98MPa use f b 71.98MPa
c) Moment Capacity
120000
M f b Sx 71.98
8.64kN.m
6
(10)
Problem
A steel column 6 m long and hinged at both ends is used to
carry an axial compressive load of 880 kN and a moment of 330 kN.m.
about its strong axis. The column is subjected to sidesway. Fy= 248 MPa
Analyze the adequacy of the column.
The properties of the section are:
A=22774 mm2, Sx=3,123,399 mm3, rx = 158.81mm
Sy=1,105,931 mm3, ry = 95.12mm
Ix = 574.4 x106 mm4, Iy = 206.035 x 106 mm4, Wt= 179.14 kg/m
bf=376.6 mm, tf= 23.9 mm, tw=15 mm, d = 367.8 mm, rt = 102.62 mm
63.08
r
95.12
Cc
2 2 E
Fy
2 2 200000
126.17
248
Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
63
.
08
)
1
(
63
.
08
)
FS r r 3
1.84
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)
Fa
Le 2
( ) F
2
248
(
63
.
08
)
y
r
1
1
117 .94 MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.84
f a 38.64
0.33 0.15
Fa 117 .94
Cm 0.85
F 'e
12 2 E
23 kL
rx
12 2 (200000)
721.5 MPa
1[6000] 2
23(
)
158.81
M
330(10) 6
fb
105.65MPa
S x 3,123,399
LC
Lu
200b f
Fy
200(376.6)
4782mm
248
138000 A f
dFy
138000(376.6)(23.9)
13617 mm
367.8(248)
fa
Cm f b
1.0
Fa 1 f a
F
b
F
'
e
38.64
0.85(105.65)
148.8
721.5
fa
f
b 1.0
0.6Fy Fb
38.64
105.65
Problem
A steel column 5.0 m long and hinged at both ends is used to
carry an eccentric load of 250 kN acting 250 mm and 150 mm
from the x and y axis as shown in the figure. The column is subject to
joint translation. The allowable bending stress about the x axis and y axis
is 0.6Fy. Analyze the adequacy of the column to support the given load and
moments. Neglect the weight of the column.
150 mm
P = 250 kN
250 mm
15.39
t w 9.91mm
300 mm
300 mm
150 mm
P = 250 kN
250 mm
15.39
t w 9.91mm
300 mm
300 mm
12
12
(15.39)(300) 3 300 2(15.39) (9.91) 3
Iy 2
69.28 x10 6 mm 4
12
12
rx
Ix
203.29(10) 6
130.7 mm
11901
Iy
69.28(10) 6
ry
76.3mm
A
11901
P 250(1000)
fa
21 MPa
A
11901
Le kL 1.0(5000) 5000
Le 5000
65.53
r
76.3
Cc
2 2 E
Fy
2 2 200000
126.17
248
Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
65
.
53
)
1
(
65
.
53
)
FS r r 3
1.84
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)
Le 2
( ) F
2
248
(
65
.
53
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
116 .6 MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.84
fa
21
0.18 0.15
Fa 116 .6
Cmx Cm y 0.85
Fbx Fby 0.6 Fy 0.6(248) 148.8MPa
F 'ex
12 2 E
23 kL
rx
12 2 (200000)
1(5000)
23
130.7
703.7 MPa
F 'ey
12 2 E
kL
23
r
y
ex 250mm
12 2 (200000)
1(5000)
23
76.3
e y 150mm
239.83 MPa
250(250)
M x Pex
62.5kN .m
1000
250(150)
M y Pe y
37.5kN .m
1000
c x c y 150mm
M x c x 62.5(10) 6 (150)
f bx
46.12MPa
6
Ix
203.29(10)
f by
M ycy
Iy
37.5(10) 6 (150)
81.19MPa
6
69.28(10)
stability requirement
Cmx f by
fa
Cmx f bx
1.0
Fa 1 f a
F
fa
bx 1 F ' Fby
F
'
ex
ey
21
0.85(46.12)
0.85(81.19)
1
148.8 1
148.8
703.71
239.82
strength requirement
fa
f bx f by
1 .0
0.60 Fy Fbx Fby
21
46.12 81.19
Plate # 3
P = 200 kN
200 mm
200 mm
13.41
t w 8.08mm
N.A
13.41
250 mm
TENSION MEMBERS
Ae = CtAn
where
Ct = a reduction coefficient
W, M, or S shapes with flange widths not less than 2/3 the depth, and
structural tees cut from the shapes, provided the connection is to the
flanges and has no fewer than 3 fasteners per line in the direction of stress
Ct = 0.90
3.
4. All members whose connections have only 2 fasteners per line in the
direction of stress
Ct = 0.75
Example
Determine the safe load that could be carried by the main tension member
shown. Its cross section has 2 rivet holes in each flange. Also determine the
permissible unsupported length of the member. Rivet diameter is 22 mm. Fy
= 248 MPa and Fu = 400 MPa. Ct = 0.85
300 mm
25 mm
20 mm
350 mm
25 mm
441.874 x10 6 mm 4
12
12
I
441.875(10) 6
r
145.06
A
21000
Maximum Permissible unsupported length
L
240
r
L 240r
240(145.06)
L
34.81m
1000
fa
f bx f by
1.0
0.60Fy Fbx Fby
Where fb is the computed bending tensile stress.
The computed bending compressive stress, however, shall not exceed the
applicable values for beams subject to pure bending only.
FN
Mx
My
FN
FT
FT
Mx
My
Bending stress
a) Loads passes through the centroid of cross section
FN
M xC x M yC y
fb
Ix
Iy
Mx My
fb
Sx
Sy
M x moment caused by loads acting perpendicular to the x axis
Mx
centroid
My
FT
M xC x M yC y
fb
Ix
2I y
Mx My
fb
S x 2S y
P
Mx
centroid
2. Shearing stress
My
V x Qx V y Q y
fb
Ixb
I yb
Vx shear caused by loads acting perpendicular to the x axis
Vy shear caused by loads acting perpendicular to the y axis
3. Deflections
Total deflection
( x ) 2 ( y ) 2
x delection in the x - direction caused by loads acting
perpendicular to the y axis
y deflection in the y - direction caused by loads acting
perpendicular to the x axis
Fb
Ix
Iy
or
f bx f by
2.
1.0
Fbx Fby
or
For compact laterally supported shapes
f by
f bx
3.
1 .0
0.66Fy 0.75 Fy
b) Shear
V x Qx V y Q y
fb
Fv
Ixb
I yb
c) deflection
( x ) 2 ( y ) 2 allow
allow Allowable deflection
Problem
A w 14 x 74 section has a span of 6m. It carries a normal
Concentrated of 105 kN at its midspan and a lateral load of 24 kN
At its midspan which all passes through the centroid of the cross
section. Assume that the beam is fully laterally supported and
Compact. Fy = 248 MPa. Allowable deflection is 1/300 of span.
Analyze the adequacy of the section for bending and deflection.
Neglect the weight of the beam.
Properties of section
Area 14064 mm 2
Sx 1836 x103 mm 3
depth 359.7 mm
Sy 434.4 x10 mm
E 200,000 MPa
105 kN
Mx
Px L 105(6)
Mx
157.5kN .m
4
4
M x 157.5(10) 6
f bx
85.78MPa
3
S x 1836(10)
24 kN
Py L
24(6)
My
36kN .m
4
4
My
36(10) 6
f by
82.87 MPa
3
S y 434.4(10)
My
a) adequacy in bending
f by
f bx
1.0
0.66Fy 0.75 Fy
85.78
82.87
a) adequacy in deflection
x - direction
Py L3
48 EI y
bf
3 255.9
Iy S y
434.4(10)
55.58 x(10) 6 mm 4
2
2
24(1000)(6000) 3
x
9.72mm
6
48(200000)55.58(10)
y - direction
Px L3
y
48 EI x
d
3 359.7
I x S x 1836(10)
330.2 x(10) 6 mm 4
2
2
105(1000)(6000) 3
L
6000
y
7.15mm allow
20mm
6
48(200000)330.2(10)
300
300
( x ) 2 ( y ) 2 allow
(9.72) 2 (7.15) 2 12.07 mm 20mm adequate for deflection
Problem:
Solve the previous problem if the lateral load of 24 kN, passes
through the top of the flange.
Py L
105 kN
24 kN
24(6)
My
36kN .m
4
4
My
36(10) 6
f by
41.44 MPa
3
2S y (2)434.4(10)
a) adequacy in bending
f by
f bx
1 .0
0.66Fy 0.75 Fy
85.78
41.44
0.75 1.0
0.66( 248) 0.75( 248)
adequate in bending
Design of Purlins
Purlins is a typical example of a beam subject to unsymmetrical bending.They
are assumed to be simple beams with span equal to the distance
between trusses. Loadings consist of the wind load acting normal to
the purlins, weight of roofing and the purlins itself all assumed to pass through
the centroid of the purlins.
WL
WR
+
P
Mx
My
Sy
My
0.75 Fy
and
2t f
tw
Fy
Fy
Allowable bending stress along the weaker axis
Fby 0.75 Fy Note : bending along the stronger axis governs the selection of size
Sag Rods
a) sag rods are at midspan of the purlins ( one sag rod between trusses)
2
My
Wy L
32
Sag rods at the third points of the purlins(two sag rods between trusses)
2
My
Wy L
90
Problem
Select a W section to serve as purlins between roof trusses
Spaced at 7.2 m on centers. Assume all loads passes through the
Centroid of the purlins. Spacing of purlins is 1.4 m on centers. Assume
That the purlins are fully laterally supported and subject to the following
Loads
Roofing and purlins & truss weight = 1440 Pa of roof surface
Rain = 300 Pa of horizontal roof surface
Wind = 720 Pa perpendicular to roof surface
Slope of the roof truss is 1 vertical to 2 horizontal . Sag rods are
Provided at the midpoints of the truss. Fy=248 MPa
depth(mm)
Flange
thickness
width
thickness of web Sx (mm)3
(mm)
W 150x8.5
W 150x12
W 100x13
(mm)
(mm)
Solution
Slope of the roof truss
1
tan
26.6 0
2
S 1.4
Sy (mm)3
5.12
6.4
4.85
83246
128806
89309
16551
24417
30316
Wind Load
H 1.4Cos 26.60 1.25 WL 720(1.4) 1008 N/m acting perpendicular to the purlins
8
100
+
375
6=
1
0
2
1N
9
3
2
/m
Wx
Wy
Mx
26.6
My
Wx 1008 2391Cos 26.60 3146 N/m
Wy 2391Sin 26.60 1071 N/m
Mx
26.60
My
Wx L2 3146(7.2) 2
Mx
20386 N.m
8
8
W y L2 1071(7.2) 2
My
1735 N.m
32
32
Mx
20386(10) 3
Sx
124.55x103 mm 3
0.66 Fy
0.66(248)
My
1735(10) 3
Sy
9.33x103 mm 3
0.75 Fy 0.75(248)
try w 150 x12 Sx 128.8 x103 mm 3 Sy 24.42 x103 mm 3
check if section is compact
bf
101.6
7.18
2t f 2(7.08)
170
170
bf
170
10.8
2t f
Fy
248
Fy
d 152.4
23.81
tw
6.4
1680 1680
d 1680
106.68
tw
Fy
248
Fy
section is compact
158.28 MPa
3
Sx
128.8(10)
actual bending stress y axis
f by
My
Sy
1735(10) 3
71.05
3
24.42(10)
f by
f bx
1.0
0.66 Fy 0.75 Fy
158.28
71.05
7
.
86
in
(25.4) 3
24.42(10) 3
3
1
.
68
in
(25.4)3
try W 6 x 16
Properties
b f 102.36 mm
t f 10.29mm
t w 6.6mm
d 159.5 mm
4.97
2t f 2(10.29)
d 159.5
24.17
tw
6.6
170
170
b
170
10.8 f
2t f
Fy
248
Fy
1680 1680
d 1680
106.68
tw
Fy
248
Fy
section is compact
121.96 MPa
3
S x 167.15(10)
actual bending stress y axis
f by
My
Sy
1735(10) 3
48.13 MPa
3
36.05(10)
f by
f bx
1.0
0.66 Fy 0.75Fy
121.96
48.13
1.0 ok
0.66(248) 0.75(248)
26.32mm
6
384EI y (384)200000(7.12)(10)
4
5Wx L4
5(3146)(7200) 4
y
24.76mm
6
384 EI x 384(200000)22.23(10)
L
7200
24 mm Redesign
300 300
try W 8x31
Properties
b f 203 mm
t f 11.05mm
t w 7.24mm
d 200 mm
12.14mm
6
384EI y (384)200000(15.44)(10)
4
5Wx L4
5(3146)(7200) 4
y
12.02mm
6
384 EI x 384(200000)45.78(10)
9.19
2t f 2(11.05)
d 200
27.62
t w 7.24
170
170
bf
170
10.8
2t f
Fy
248
Fy
1680 1680
d 1680
106.68
tw
Fy
248
Fy
section is compact
Use W 8x31
Design of Beams
Given : Loads and span, Fy , Ws , E , Allowable deflection
Required : Beam section that would satisfy bending, shear and deflection requirements
General Procedure
1. Solve for designing moment M by any method available.
M
2. Assume allowable bending stress Fb and solve for trial section S
Fb
3. Using tables of properties of structural shapes select section with
the nearest value of S
4. Compute the adjusted design moment by adding the weight of the beam.
5. Veryfy if the section is compact, semi compact
or non compact. Solve for actual allowable bending stress Fb
6. Verify if the section is laterally or not. Solve for Fb
7. Using the lower value of Fb obtained from 5 and 6,
solve for the moment capacity. M c FbS M
8. Check for shear and deflection if necessary.
Problem
Design a simply supported steel beam 4.8 m long to support a uniformly
distributed load of 62 kN/m. Fy 248 MPa, Ws 77 kN/m 3 , allowable
deflection is 1/300 of span.
WL2 62(4.8) 2
Design Moment M
178.56kN .m
8
8
Re quired Section Modulus
Assumed allowable bending stress of steel Fb 0.6 Fy
M 178.56(10) 6
S
1200 x103 mm 3
Fb
0.6(248)
S 73.22 in 3
try w 14 x 53
Properties
Area 15.6 sq. in 10064 mm 2 Flange width b f 8.06 in 204 mm
Flange thickness t f 0.66in 16.76mm web thickness t w 0.37 in 9.4mm
S x 77 in 3 1261x103 mm 3 weight wt
depth 13.92in 354mm
77(10064)
0.8kN / m
2
(1000)
180.86kN .m
8
8
Re quired Section Modulus
M 180.86(10) 6
S
6.09
2t f 2(16.76)
170
170
10.8
Fy
248
bf
170
2t f
Fy
d 354
37.66
t w 9 .4
1680 1680
106.68
Fy
248
d 1680
Section is compact
tw
Fy
Fb 0.66 Fy
200b f
Fy
L 4.8 m
200( 204)
2590.8mm L
248
138000 A f
dFy
138000(204)(16.76)
5374mm L Fb 0.6 Fy
354( 248)
Use Fb 0.6 Fy
Check for deflection
d
354
1261x103 (
) 223.2 x106 mm 4
2
2
5WL4
5(62.8)(4800) 4
9.72mm
6
384 EI x 384(200000)223.2(10)
I x Sx
L
4800
16mm 9.72mm
300 300
P
A
Note : the bigger is the
0.4 Fy 0.6 Fy
Problem
Design an axially loaded column to support an axial load of 750 kN including its own weight.
Fy 248 MPa, k 1.0
Consider that the column unsupported height is
a) 5 m
b) 8 m
Solution :
a) L 5 m
P
750(1000)
A
5040mm 2 7.81in 2
0.6Fy
0.6(248)
try w 8 x 31
A 5883.86 mm 2 r 51.05 mm
L e 1(5000)
97.94mm
r
51.05
2 2 E
2 2 200000
CC
126.17
Fy
248
Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
97
.
92
)
1
(
97
.
94
)
FS r r 3
1.9
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)
Le 2
( ) F
2
248
(
97
.
92
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
91.92 MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.9
Le 1(5000)
94.64 MPa
r
52.83
Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
94
.
64
)
1
(
94
.
64
)
FS r r 3
1.89
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)
Le 2
( ) F
2
248
(
94
.
64
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
94.3MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.89
P
750(1000)
A
10080mm 2 15.63in 2
0.3Fy
0.3(248)
try w 10 x 72
A 13677 mm 2 r 65.79 mm
L e 1(8000)
121.6
r
65.79
2 2 E
2 2 200000
CC
126.17
Fy
248
Le
Le 3
3( ) 1( )
3
5
5
3
(
121
.
6
)
1
(
121
.
6
)
FS r r 3
1.92
3
3 8Cc
8Cc
3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)
Le 2
( ) F
2
248
(
121
.
6
)
y
r
Fa 1
1
69.91MPa
2
2
2Cc FS
2(126.17) 1.92
fa
f bx f by
1.0
0.60Fy Fbx Fby
Where fb is the computed bending tensile stress.
The computed bending compressive stress, however, shall not exceed the
applicable values for beams subject to pure bending only.
Example
A W14 x 32 section is used as a beam 6 m long. It is subjected to an
axial tensile load P and a uniformly distributed lateral load of 10 kN/m
(excluding beam weight). Find P. Fy = 248 MPa.
W14 x 32 Properties
A = 25032 mm2
Wt = 196.90 kg/m
d = 372.4 mm
tw = 16.4 mm
bf = 374 mm
tf = 26.2 mm
Sx = 3420.2 x 103 mm3
rx = 159.50 mm
ry = 95.46 mm
9.81
Wt 196.9(
) 1.93kN / m
1000
Total Uniform load w 10 1.93 11.93kN/m
actual axial tensile stress
P
P
fa
A 25032
2
2
wL
11.93(6)
M
53.69kN .m
8
8
actual bending stress
M
53.69(10) 6
fb
15.7 MPa
3
Sx
3420(10)
7.14
2t f 2( 26.2)
170
170
10.8
Fy
248
bf
170
2t f
Fy
d 372.4
22.71
t w 16.4
1680 1680
106.68
Fy
248
Check for Lateral Support
Lc
Lu
200b f
Fy
d 1680
Section is compact
tw
Fy
Fb 0.66 Fy
L 6.0 m
200(374)
4749.8mm L
248
138000 A f
dFy
Use Fb 0.6 Fy
138000(374)(26.2)
14641.67 mm L Fb 0.6 Fy
372.4(248)
fa
f bx fby
1.0
0.60Fy Fbx Fby
fa
fb
1.0
0.6 Fy Fb
P
25032 15.7 1.0
0.6(248) 0.6(248)
P = 3331.76 kN
2)
3)
The tensile stress in the net sections of the plates is uniform for each
unit area of cross section.
4)
a)
b)
c)
d)
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
Allowable Stresses:
Ft = 0.60 Fy on gross area
Ft = 0.50 Fu on effective net area
Efficiency of a joint:
strength of joint
Efficiency
x100
strength of solid plate
Example
Determine the allowable tensile force P which can be appllied to the plates
shown. The AISC specifications A36 steel and 20 mm diameter A325 bolts
placed in standard holes with threads excluded from the shear plane are
used in a bearing in a bearing type connection. Fy = 248 MPa, Fu = 400
MPa, Fv = 206.9 MPa and Fp = 1.5 Fu.
P
10mm
200 mm
10mm
800(600)
480kN
1000
For tension members with staggered holes, the least net width of the
section is obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the
diameters for all the holes located along the chosen path, and adding, for
each gage space in the path, the quantity
S2/4g
S
g =
(Cochranes formula)
Example
50mm
P
Efficiency
strength of joint
x100
strength of solid plate
Wn tFt
0.8
250tFt
Wn 200 mm
50mm
75mm
75mm
50mm
50mm
50mm
75mm
75mm
path a - b - c
s
2
(50)
s
Wn 250 - 3(23)
4(50) 4(75)
2
(50)
s
200 181
4(50) 4(75)
s 44.16mm
P
e
M = Pe
P
Pd
n
Components of the torsional force
My
Mx
Ptx
Pty
2
2
2
2
x
y
x
2
x
sum of squares of horizontal distance of
Pdx Ptx
Pdy Pty
Where:
Pdx = x component of the direct force
Pdy = y component of the direct force
Ptx = x component of the torsional force
Pty = x component of the torsional force
solution
P=150 kN components of direct force
150,000
37,500 N
4
x 2 4(100)2 40,000
e = 250 mm
Pdx 0
Pdy
2
2
y
4
(
100
)
40,000
My
37.5(10) 6100
Ptx
46875 N
2
2
x y 40000 40000
4-22 mm
200 mm
200 mm
Mx
37.5(10) 6100
Pty
46875 N
2
2
x y 40000 40000
R 96521.53 N
Minimum size of
Fillet weld (mm)
To 6 inclusive
3.0
Over 6 to 12
4.5
Over 12 to 20
6.0
Over 20
7.5
P
q
L
q 0.707tFv
L = length of the weld
Problem:
A double fillet welded lap joint is as shown below. The plate
thickness is 13mm . If the allowable tensile strength of the weld metal is
550 MPa, determine the following :
a) minimum size of the fillet weld
b) Total area of the fillet weld
c) capacity of the connection
T
T
12 mm
350 mm
Problem:
A 150 mm x 90 mm x 12 mm angular section is welded to a gusset plate
as shown. Area of the angle is 2736 sq.mm , allowable shear Fv is
150MPa, allowable tensile stress Ft = 0.6Fy with Fy = 250 MPa.
Determine the following:
a) design force P
b) total required length of weld using 12 mm fillet weld
c) value of b
150 mm x 90 mm angle
99 mm
150mm
12mm plate
150 mm x 90 mm angle
P1
99 mm
150mm
12mm plate
P2
b
a ) design force P
P AFt 2736(0.6)250 410,400 N
forces acting on the welds
M
F
P1
P2 (150) - P(99) 0
P2 (150) 410,400(99) 0
P2 270864 N
P1 270864 410400 0
P1 139536 N
b) length of weld
P
L
q
P1 139536
a
Pdx
y component
Pdy
qdy
L
qtx
Ty
2
L
2
2
L(12 xc yc )
qdy
Tx
L2
2
2
L
(
y
12 c c )
T Pe
where:
T = torsional moment = Pe
x and y = coordinates of any point on the weld
measured from the centroid of the weld group
xc and yc = horizontal and vertical distance of the centroid
of a weld from the centroid of the weld group
Maximum intensity of weld force
Problem:
A plate is attached to the frame of a machine by side fillet welds as
shown in the figure. Determine the size of the welds to resist a
vertical load of 150 kN. Assume that the allowable shearing stress
at the throats of the weld is 145 MPa.
250 mm
100 mm
200 mm
200 mm
P=150 kN
e
x 50
250 mm
P=150 kN
100 mm
200 mm
2 1
120 mm
y 80
200 mm
Centroid of weld group
150(1000)
qdy
300 N/mm
500
L
eccentricity
e 250 50 300mm
L =200+100+200=500
Centroid of weld group
L x lx l1 x1 l2 x2 l3 x3
500 x 100(50) 200(0) 200(1000
x 50
L y ly l1 y1 l2 y2 l3 y3
500 y 100(200) 200(100) 200(0)
y 80
e
x 50
B
200 mm
250 mm
100 mm
2 1
P=150 kN
120 mm
3
200 mm
y 80
L 2
( L xc2 yc2 )
12
(100)
AB :
([100]2 0 2 [120]2 ) 203,333.33
12
(200)
BC :
([200]2 [50]2 [20]2 ) 715,000
12
(200)
CD :
([200]2 [50]2 [80]2 ) 815,000
12
L 2
2
2
3
(
L
y
)
1
,
733
,
333
.
33
mm
12
c
c
Torsional Moment :
T Pe 150(1000)300 45x106 N .mm
qd
B
qt
250 mm
P=150 kN
qt
qt
qd
C
qt
3115 .38 N
L 2
1,733,333.33
2
2
(
L
y
)
12
c
c
Tx
45(10) 6 50
q ty
1298.31N
L 2
1,733,333.33
2
2
(
L
y
)
12
c
c
Ty
2076.9 N
L 2
1,733,333.33
2
2
(
L
y
)
12
c
c
Tx
45(10) 6150
q ty
3894.21N
L 2
1,733,333.33
2
2
(
L
y
)
12
c
c
Ty
a) L = 3.6 m
LC
200b f
Fy
200(312)
3962.4mm L
248
3720(10)
608.9kN .m
6
(10)
PL wL
M
3
8
P (3.6) 10(3.6) 2
608.9
3
8
P 493.92kN
3
8
P (6.2) 10(6.2) 2
553.54
3
8
P 244.9kN
b) L = 6.2 m
Lu
138000 A f
dFy
138000(312)(20.32)
6508.88mm
542(248)
LC L Lu
Section Properties:
W530 x 290
A = 9484 mm2
d = 529 mm
tw = 9.65 mm
rx = 134 mm
bf = 166 mm
ry = 77mm
tf = 16.51 mm
Solution
a) Fy=248 MPa
bf
166
5.02
2t f
2(16.51)
170 170
10.8
Fy
248
Fb 0.66 Fy
bf
2t f
170
Fy
Fb 0.66(248) 163.68MPa
d
529
54.81 d 1680
675
t w 9.65
or
tw
Fy
Fy
1680 1680
106.68
Section is Compact
Fy
248
Solution
b) Fy=345 MPa
bf
166
5.02
2t f
2(16.51)
170 170
9.15
Fy
345
250 250
13.46
Fy
345
Fb 0.66 Fy
Fb 0.66(345) 227.71MPa
bf
170
2t f
Fy
d
529
54.81 d 1680
t w 9.65
tw
Fy
1680 1680
90.45
Section is Compact
Fy
345
Section Properties:
W530 x 290
A =9484 mm2
rx = 134 mm
ry = 77mm
Midterm Exam
A built up column consist of two channels C 450 x 42.7 and
one cover plate 500 mm x 12 mm. The channels are placed
300 mm back to back with the flanges outstanding. The height of the
Column is 6 m with k =1.0. Determine the axial load capacity of
the column. Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200 GPa
500 mm
12 mm
450 mm
I y 5.99 x10 6 mm 4
x 22.28mm
300 mm
Determine the allowable tensile force P which can be appllied to the plates shown. The AISC
specifications A36 steel and 20 mm diameter A325 bolts placed in standard holes with threads excluded
from the shear plane are used in a bearing in a bearing type connection. Fy = 248 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa,
Fv = 206.9 MPa and Fp = 1.5 Fu.
P
P
12mm
250 mm
12mm
Determine the net critical area of the riveted connection shown. Plate thickness is 25 mm and rivet diameter
is 20 mm diameter . Assume that the rivet hole is 3 mm larger than the rivet diameter.
90 mm
90 mm
390 mm
90 mm
50mm 75mm
50mm
For the plate bracket shown below, determine the load on the most stressed rivet.
P=250 kN
e = 300 mm
200 mm
6-25 mm
200 mm
150 mm
solution
components of direct force
250,000
Pdx 0
Pdy
41666.67 N
6
2
2
x
6
(
75
)
33,750
200 mm
200 mm
4(200) 2 160,000
77419.35 N
2
2
x y 33750 160000
150 mm
Mx
75(10) 6 75
Pty
29032.26 N
2
2
x y 33750 160000
R 104,843.19 N
250 mm
250 mm
450
A 150 mm x 90 mm x 16 mm angular section is welded to a gusset plate as shown. Area of the angle is
3236 sq.mm , allowable shear Fv is 150MPa, allowable tensile stress Ft = 0.6Fy with Fy = 250 MPa.
Determine the following:
a) design force P
b) total required length of weld using 12 mm fillet weld
150 mm x 90 mm angle
99 mm
200mm
12mm plate
b
250 mm
250 mm
450
P=200 kN
qd
qd
250 mm
150 mm
450
250 mm
qd
qd
qd x
200(1000)Cos 45 (200)1000Cos 45
N
217.57
650
mm
L
qd y
217.57
L
650
mm
250 mm
P=200 kN
B
250 mm
L x lx
650 x 150(75) 250(0) 250(125)
250 mm
150 mm
45
x 65.4
L y ly
A
y
250 mm
P=200 kN
65.4
250 mm
84.6
B
250 mm
150 mm
450
144.2
105.8
250 mm
L 2
( L xc2 yc2 )
12
(150)
AB :
([150]2 (75 65.4) 2 [144.2]2 ) 542322.5
12
(250)
BC :
([250]2 [65.4]2 [144.2 125]2 ) 1398870.8
12
(250)
CD :
([250]2 [125 65.4]2 [105.8]2 ) 1609287.5
12
L 2
2
2
(
L
y
12
c
c ) 3550480.8
Torsional Moment :
200Cos45(144.2) 200 Sin 45(250 84.6)
T
67.71kN .m
1000
1000
qd
P=200 kN
qd
250 mm
150 mm
250 mm
450
A
qd
qd
250 mm
2750 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L
y
)
12
c
c
Tx
67.71(10) 6 84.6
q ty
1613.38 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L
y
)
12
c
c
Ty
2017.68 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L
y
)
12
c
c
Tx
67.71(10) 6 (250 65.4)
q ty
3520 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L
y
)
12
c
c
Ty
Determine the net critical width of the riveted connection shown. Plate thickness is 25 mm and rivet
diameter is 20 mm diameter . Assume that the rivet hole is 3 mm larger than the rivet diameter.
A
B
P
90 mm
90 mm
390 mm
90 mm
D
E
F
50mm 75mm
50mm
path ABCDEF
s2
Wn w 4d
4g
2
s
Wn w 3d
4g
path ABCEF
s2
Wn w 3d
4g
(125)
(75)
Wn 390 3(20 3)
4(90) 4(180)
Wn 372.22mm
(125)
(50) 2
Wn 390 3(20 3)
4(90) 4(90)
Wn 371.35mm
Use Wn 371.35mm
150 mm
250 mm
250 mm
200
mm
450
P=100 kN
qd
qd
200 mm
150 mm
450
qd x 0
250 mm
qd y
qd
qd
100(1000) (100)1000
N
153.84
650
mm
L
250 mm
P=100 kN
B
250 mm
L x lx
650 x 150(75) 250(0) 250(125)
200 mm
150 mm
45
x 65.4
L y ly
A
y
250 mm
P=100 kN
65.4
250 mm
84.6
B
250 mm
150 mm
450
144.2
105.8
250 mm
L 2
( L xc2 yc2 )
12
(150)
AB :
([150]2 (75 65.4) 2 [144.2]2 ) 542322.5
12
(250)
BC :
([250]2 [65.4]2 [144.2 125]2 ) 1398870.8
12
(250)
CD :
([250]2 [125 65.4]2 [105.8]2 ) 1609287.5
12
L 2
2
2
(
L
y
12
c
c ) 3550480.8
Torsional Moment :
T 100(284.6) 28.46kN .m
P=100 kN
qd
qd
200
mm
150 mm
250 mm
450
A
qd
qd
250 mm
1156 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L
y
)
12
c
c
Tx
28.46(10) 6 84.6
q ty
679 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L
y
)
12
c
c
Ty
848 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L
y
)
12
c
c
Tx
28.46(10) 6 (250 65.4)
q ty
1480 N
L 2
3550480.8
2
2
(
L
y
)
12
c
c
Ty
A W 530 x 290 section with 180 mm x 20 mm plate placed on the top of the
flange as shown is used as a column with a length of 8.0 m Determine the safe
axial load the column can carry using AISC specifications with Fy = 345 MPa
when: a) column ends are fixed b) column ends are hinged
Section Properties:
W530 x 290
A = 9484 mm2
d = 529 mm
tw = 9.65 mm
rx = 134 mm
bf = 166 mm
ry = 77mm
tf = 16.51 mm
A W310 x 135 with simple span of 5.0 m is used as a purlins on a roof truss inclined at 30 0 with the
horizontal. The purlins is subject to a wind load of 4 kN/m acting perpendicular to the purlins and
weight of purlins and roofing materials of 2 kN/m acting vertically. Assuming that all loads pass thru
the centroid of the purlins determine ,the maximum bending stress on the purlins.
Section Properties of W310 x 135 :
Sx = 1.86 x 106 mm3
STEEL (ARCH)
1. Compute the resisting moment of a W310 x 97 with
a) Fy = 248 MPa
Assume the section has full lateral support for its compression flange.
Section Properties:
W310 x 97
A = 12300 mm2
d = 308 mm
tw = 9.91 mm
bf = 305 mm
tf = 15.4 mm
Solution
a) Fy=248 MPa
Fb 0.66 Fy
bf
305
9 .9
2t f 2(15.4)
170 170
10.8
Fy
248
Fb 0.66(248) 163.68MPa
bf
2t f
170
Fy
M Fb S x
163.68(1.44)(10) 6
M
6
(10)
M 235.7 kN .m
d
308
31.08 d 1680
675
t w 9.91
or
tw
Fy
Fy
1680 1680
106.68
Section is Compact
Fy
248
2. A WF section has the properties shown below. If the beam is laterally unsupported,
determine the moment capacity if
a) L = 3.0 m
Properties of WF 410 x 114
A = 14600 mm d = 420 mm bf = 261 mm tf = 19.33 mm
tw = 11.6 mm
Fy = 248 MPa
Sx = 2000 x 10 mm
Sy = 439 x 10 mm
a) L = 3 m
LC
200b f
200(261)
3314.7 mm L
Fy
248
4
8
P (3) 30(3) 2
327.36
4
8
P 391.48kN
Semi-Final (ARCH)