Professional Documents
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CH01 Introduction To Data Communications
CH01 Introduction To Data Communications
and Networking
11th Edition
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Data
Communications
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Chapter 1 Outline
1.1 Introduction
Brief history of Data Communications, Communications, Information
Systems and the Internet
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1.1 Introduction
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Information Age
First Industrial Revolution
Introduction of machinery
New organizational methods
Changed the way people worked
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telegraph
1850
Information took days
or weeks to be
transmitted
1900
1950
Information
transmitted in minutes
or hours
2009
large quantities of
information transmitted in
a fraction of a second
Globalization
of networks
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Security
Network Design
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1915
Telstar
(Telecommunications
via satellite), Fax
services, digital
transmission (Tcarriers)
1948
1962
1976
1969
1919
Strowger (stepper)
switch,
rotary dial phones
(enabling automatic
connections)
Packet-switched
data
communications
Microwave
trunk lines
(Canada)
Picturefone
(failed
commercially)
1984
Cellular
telephone
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Regulation of Inventions
FCC established
A time for
technological
change
1876
1885
Carterfone court
decision allowing Deregulation
non-Bell CPE
period
Regulation
began in the
USA (ICC)
1900
1910
1934
1970
AT&T
Phone
invented (rapid
acceptance)
1996
1968
Bell System:
de facto
monopoly
millions of phones
in use in the US
Consent
decree by US
federal court
1984
1996 US
Telecom
Act
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Batch
processing
mainframes
1950
1960
1970
1980
PC LANs
become
common
1990
2000
PC revolution
Networking
everywhere
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Internet Milestones
Originally called
ARPANET, the Internet
began as a militaryacademic network
1969
1983
NSFNet
created as
US Internet
backbone
1986
ARPANET splits:
Milnet - for military
Internet - academic,
education and research
purposes only
commercial
access to
the Internet
begins
1990
1994
Government
funding of the
backbone
ends
2007
Worldwide:
Over 1 billion
Internet users
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Net Neutrality
Net neutrality means that for a given type of content (i.e. email,
web, video, etc), all content providers are treated the same.
Net neutrality prevents ISPs from giving priority to some content
providers, while slowing down others
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Data Communications =
Movement of computer
information by means of electrical
or optical transmission systems
convergence
Broadband Communications
Copyright 2011John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Extranet
A LAN that uses the Internet technologies across an
organization including some external constituents
Open only those invited users outside the organization
Accessible through the Internet
Example: Suppliers and customers accessing inventory
information in a company over an extranet
Copyright 2011John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Layered Implementation of
Communications Functions
Communication
OS
Communication
Applications
Single layer
implementation
Applications
-Networking with
large components
is complex to
understand and
implement
OS
Applications
Applications
OS
OS
Multi layer
implementation
-Breaking down into
smaller components
-Easier to implement
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Internet Model
Created by DARPA originally in early 1970s
Developed to solve to the problem of internetworking
Based on 5 layers
Based on Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) suite
Copyright 2011John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Application Layer
set of utilities used by application programs
Presentation Layer
formats data for presentation to the user
provides data interfaces, data compression and
translation between different data formats
Session Layer
initiates, maintains and terminates each logical session
between sender and receiver
Copyright 2011John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Network Layer
responsible for making routing decisions
Physical Layer
defines how individual bits are formatted to be
transmitted through the network
Copyright 2011John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Application Layer
used by application program
Transport Layer
responsible for establishing end-to-end connections,
translates domain names into numeric addresses and
segments messages
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Protocols
Used by network model layers
Sets of standardized rules to define how
to communicate at each layer and how to
interface with adjacent layers
Layer N+1
Layer N+1
Layer N
Layer N
Layer N-1
Layer N-1
sender
receiver
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Somewhat inefficient
Involves many software packages and packets
Packet overhead (slower transmission, processing time)
Interoperability achieved at the expense of perfectly
streamlined communication
Copyright 2011John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Types of Standards
Formal standards
Developed by an industry or government standardsmaking body
De-facto standards
Emerge in the marketplace and widely used
Lack official backing by a standards-making body
Copyright 2011John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Standardization Processes
Specification
Developing the nomenclature and identifying
the problems to be addressed
Identification of choices
Identifying solutions to the problems and
choose the optimum solution
Acceptance
Defining the solution, getting it recognized by
industry so that a uniform solution is accepted
Copyright 2011John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Common Standards
5. Application layer
4. Transport layer
TCP (Internet)
SPX (Novell LANs)
3. Network layer
IP (Internet)
IPX (Novell LANs)
1. Physical layer
Ethernet (LAN)
Frame Relay (WAN)
T1 (MAN and WAN)
RS-232c cable (LAN)
Category 5 twisted pair (LAN)
V.92 (56 kbps modem)
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Pervasive Networking
Means Networks will be everywhere
Exponential growth of Network use
Many new types of devices will have
network capability
Exponential growth of data rates for all
kinds of networking
Broadband communications
Use circuits with 1 Mbps or higher (e.g., DSL)
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Next step
Video merging with voice and data
Will take longer partly due to the high data
rates required for video
Copyright 2011John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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