Piezoelectric Materials

Name :- Jairaj Burad

Roll No. :- 514005
Class :- ME (Structures) 1st Sem
Subject :- Mechanics of Modern Materials
Guided by :- Mr. M.V. Bhogone Sir

Contents

Introduction

History

Direct & Inverse Piezoelectric Effect

Properties

Examples of Piezoelectric Materials

Crystal Structure And Dipole Movements

Advantages & Disadvantages

Applications

Conclusion

Introduction

The term Piezoelectricity was proposed by Hankel.

Piezo

Electricity

Piezoelectricit
y

The word piezo originates from a Greek word piezein

which means to press.

Thus Piezoelectricity means electricity generated form

pressure. The Phenomenon is called Piezoelectric Effect.

Therefore the materials which show Piezoelectric effect are

called Piezoelectric materials.

For Eg. :- zinc blende, sodium chlorate, boracites, tourmaline,

quartz, calamine, topaz, tartaric acid, cane sugar, and Rochelle
salt.

History

Piezoelectric Effect was first observed by Carl Linaeus and Franz

Aepinus in the mid-1800s, but it was not truly understood until it was
demonstrated by French physicists & brothers Pierre and Jacques
Curie.

Pierre Curie

Jaques Curie

It was observed in an experimental demonstration that some crystals

when subjected to pressure show some Electric charges.

The amount of charges is proportional to the applied pressure.

The converse effect was mathematically derived by Gabriel Lippman in

1881 using fundamental thermodynamic principles and was later
experimentally confirmed by the Curies.

The first applications were made during World War I with piezoelectric
ultrasonic transducers in. In 1917 Paul Langevin developed a device to
detect other sonar objects under water.

The next important stage was the discovery of Ferroelectricity.

The first known Ferroelectric material was Rochelle Salt.

Unfortunately, Rochelle salt loses its ferroelectric properties if the

composition is slightly changed, which made it rather unattractive for
industrial applications.

During World War II, research groups discovered that certain

ceramic materials exhibited dielectric constants up to 100 times higher
than common cut crystals.

Direct & Inverse Piezoelectric

Effect

Direct Piezoelectric Effect :-

The direct piezoelectric effect is that these materials,

when subjected to mechanical stress, generate an
electric charge proportional to that stress.

Inverse Piezoelectric Effect :-

The inverse piezoelectric effect is that these materials

become strained when an electric field is applied,
the strain again being proportional to the applied field.

Direct Piezoelectric Effect :

Generator

Compression
Effect: Decrease in
volume and it has a
voltage with the same
polarity as the material

Tension
Effect: Increase in
volume and it has a
voltage with opposite
polarity as the material

Inverse Piezoelectric Effect

If the applied voltage

has the same polarity
then the material
expands.

If the applied voltage

has the opposite
polarity then the
material contracts.

Properties

Piezoelectric materials are being more and more studied as they

turn out to be very unusual materials with very specific and
interesting properties.

It has a high value of the dielectric constant.

These materials have the ability to produce electrical energy from

mechanical energy, for example they can convert mechanical
behavior like vibrations into electricity.

These materials could be used as power generators, the amount of

energy produced is still very low, hence the necessity to optimize
them.

The piezoelectric ceramics are highly brittle and they have better
electromechanical properties when compared to the piezoelectric
polymers.

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Examples Of Piezolelectric
Materials
Natural

Synthetic

Quartz

Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)

Rochelle Salt

Zinc Oxide (ZnO)

Topaz

Barium Titanate (BaTiO3)

Sucrose

Gallium Orthophosphate (GaPO4)

Tendon

Potassium Niobate (KNbO3)

Silk

Lead Titanate (PbTiO3)

Enamel

Litium Tantalate (LiTaO3)

Dentin

Langasite (L3Ga5Sio14)

DNA

Sodium Tungstate (Na2WO3)

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Crystal Structure and Dipole

Moments

A traditional piezoelectric ceramic is a mass of

perovskite crystals. Each crystal consists of a
small tetravalent metal ion, usually titanium or
zirconium, in a lattice of larger divalent metal
ions, usually lead or barium, and O2- ions

At temperatures below the Curie point, however,

each crystal has tetragonal or rhombohedral
symmetry and a dipole moment. Above the Curie
point each perovskite crystal in the fired ceramic
element exhibits a cubic symmetry with no dipole
moment.

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Crystal Structure of Piezoelectric Ceramics &

Quartz

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Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages

Disadvantages

Unaffected by external
electromagnetic fields

They cannot be used for truly static

measurements

Pollution free

Can pick up stray voltages in

connecting wires

Low maintenance

Crystal is prone to crack if

overstressed

Easy replacement

May get affected by long use at high

temperatures

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Applications

Sonic & Ultrasonic Applications

Pressure Applications

Consumer Electronics Applications

Motor Applications

Civil Engineering Applications

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Sonic and Ultrasonic Applications

Sonar with Ultrasonic time-domain reflectometers.

Materials testing to detect flaws inside cast metals and stone
objects as well as measure elasticity or viscosity in gases and
liquids.
Compact sensitive microphones and guitar pickups.
Loudspeakers.

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Sonar

Microphones

Guitar Pickups

Loudspeakers

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Pressure Applications

Transient pressure measurement to study explosives, internal

combustion engines (knock sensors), and any other vibrations,
accelerations, or impacts.

Piezoelectric microbalances are used as very sensitive chemical

and biological sensors.

Transducers are used in electronic drum pads to detect the

impact of the drummer's sticks.

Energy Harvesting from impact on the ground.

Atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopes.

Electric igniters and cigarette lighters.

Installed in tennis rackets to reduce the shock waves produced

when player hits the ball

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Drumpads

Tennis Racket

Cigarette
lighters

Consumer Electronics Applications

Quartz crystals resonators as frequency stabilizers for oscillators

in all computers.

Phonograph pick-ups

Accelerometers: In a piezoelectric accelerometer a mass is

attached to a spring that is attached to a piezoelectric crystal.
When subjected to vibration the mass compresses and stretches
the piezo electric crystal.

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Quartz Crystal
Resonators

Accelerometer

Phonograph Pickups

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Motor Applications

Piezoelectric elements can be used in laser mirror alignment,

where their ability to move a large mass (the mirror mount) over
microscopic distances is exploited. By electronically vibrating the
mirror it gives the light reflected off it a Doppler shift to fine tune
the laser's frequency.
The piezo motor is viewed as a high-precision replacement for
the stepper motor.
Traveling-wave motors used for auto-focus in cameras.

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Piezo motor

Travelling wave
motor

Civil Engineering Applications

Tuned Mass Damper

Actuators on Multi-Span Beams

Tuned Mass
Damper

Actuator

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Conclusion

Piezoelectric materials are a revolutionary source for

GREEN ENERGY

Flexible piezoelectric materials are attractive for power

harvesting applications because of their ability to withstand large
amount of strain.

Converts the ambient vibration energy surrounding them into

electric energy.

Electrical energy can then be used to power other devices or

stored for later use.

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Thank You !