KONSEP KESEHATAN REPRODUKSI WANITA

MASA PRA KONSEPSI

Baksono Winardi
Dept obstetric & Gynecology
Medical faculty
FKUA

Lingkup Bahasan
Definisi dan objektif
Mengapa perlu asuhan kespro wanita

prakonsepsi ?
Komponen
Evidence base
Rekomendasi
Praktek terkini
Tantangan yang harus dihadapi dalam
implementasinya.
Perubahan yang perlu dilakukan
2

Improving Preconception Health

Optimizing a womans health

before and between pregnancies is
an ongoing process that requires
full participation of all segments of
the health care system.

Askeb Prakonsepsi :
sasaran

Meminimalisir risiko pada ibu dan

janinnya serta memperbaiki
hasil akhir kehamilan :
AKPK terdiri atas intervensi perilaku

dan biomedik yang dapat meningkatkan

hasil akhir kehamilan.
Intervensi prakonsepsi harus dilakukan
dengan baik sebelum dimulaina suatu
kehamilan.

Definisi AKPK
Sejumlah intervensi yang bertujuan untuk
menemukan dan mengubah risiko
biomedik, perilaku, dan sosial untuk
mewujutkan kesehatan perempuan atau
hasil kehamilan melalui pencegahan dan
Pengelolaan yang menyangkut faktorfactor tersebut yang haurs dilaksanakan
sebelum terjadinya konsepsi atau ada
masa kehamilan dini untuk menndapatkan
hasil yang maksimal.
5

Mengapa perlu AKPK

Healthy Baby, Healthy Adult

Fetal Origins of Adult Disease term infants who are small for their
gestational age are predisposed to obesity
and have an increased susceptibility to
cardiovascular disease and Type II diabetes
(impaired glucose tolerance) in adulthood as
a consequence of physiologic adaptations to
under-nutrition during fetal life.
Robinson R. The fetal origins of adult disease. Brit Med J
2001;322:375-376.

The importance of nutrition in

achieving a healthy pregnancy.
The specific roles of key nutrients
that are especially important during
pregnancy.
The various factors that influence a
pregnant womans ability to obtain
these key nutrients.
The implications of both overeating
and under-eating during pregnancy.
The importance of nutrition pos-partum.

Maternal Mortality Rates, United

States 1960-2000

71% Decrease

13% Decrease

10

Low Birthweight, United States 19802002

14.7% Increase

Very low birthweigh births increased 25.9%

11

Preterm Delivery, United States

1980-2002

26% Increase

8.2% Increase in very preterm births

12

Infant Mortality Rates, United States

1920-2000

52% Decrease

45% Decrease

13

Five Leading Causes of

1980 and 2002

Infant Death, United States, 1960,

Asphyxia/Atelactasis

1960
Immaturity
IMR = 26.0
110,873 Infant Deaths Congenital Anomalies

Influenza and pneumonia

Birth injuries
Congenital Anomalies
SIDS
RDS
LBW/PTD

1980
IMR = 12.6
45,526 Infant Deaths

Complications of Pregnancy

Congenital Anomalies
LBW/PTD
Complications of Pregnancy
2002
IMR = 7.0
28,034 Infant Deaths

SIDS
Unintentional Injury

14

Incidence of Adverse Pregnancy

Outcomes
Major birth defects

3.3% of births

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

0.2-1.5 /1,000 LB

Low Birth Weight

7.9% of births

Preterm Delivery

12.3%

Complications of pregnancy

30.7%

C-section

27.6%

Unintended pregnancies

49%

Unintended births

31%
15

Prevalence of Risk Factors

Pregnant Smoked during pregnancy
or
Consumed alcohol in pregnancy
gave
Had preexisting medical conditions
birth
Rubella seronegative
HIV/AIDS
Received inadequate prenatal Care

At risk of Diabetic
getting
On teratogenic drugs
pregnant Obese
Not taking Folic Acid

11.0%
10.1%
4.1%
7.1%
0.2%
15.9%

3.8%
2.6%
30.8%
69.0% 16

Critical
Periods
of Development
Critical Periods
of Development
Weeks gestation
from LMP
Most susceptible
time for major
malformation

10

11

12

Central
Central Nervous
Nervous System
System

Heart
Heart
Arms
Arms
Eyes
Eyes
Legs
Legs
Teeth
Teeth
Palate
Palate
External
External genitalia
genitalia

Ear
Ear
Missed Period

Mean Entry into Prenatal Care

Early prenatal care

is not enough,
and in many cases
it is too late!
19

Komponen AKPK

1. Skrining Risiko
2. Melakukan Health Education
3. Melaksanakan intervensi efektif.

20

Components Of Preconception
Care

Maternal

Assessment
Vaccinations
Screening
Counseling

21

Components of Preconception
Care
Maternal
assessment
Family planning
and

pregnancy spacing
Family history
Genetic history (maternal
and paternal)
Medical, surgical,
pulmonary and neurologic
history
Current medications
(prescription and OTC)
Substance use, including
alcohol, tobacco and illicit
drugs
Nutrition

Domestic abuse and

violence
Environmental and
occupational exposures
Immunity and
immunization status
Risk factors for STDs
Obstetric history
Gynecologic history
General physical exam
Assessment of
Socioeconomic,
educational, and cultural
context

Components of Preconception
Care
Vaccinations
Vaccinations should be
offered to women found to
be
at risk for or susceptible to:
Rubella
Varicella
Hepatitis B

23

Components of Preconception
Care
Screening Tests

Screening for HIV should be strongly

recommended
A number of tests can be performed
for specific indications:

Screening for STDs

Testing to assess proven etiologies of
recurrent pregnancy loss
Testing for specific diseases based on medical
or reproductive history
Mantoux skin test with purified protein
derivative for Tuberculosis

24

Components of Preconception
Care
Screening
Screening
Tests for other genetic disorders

based on family history: CF, Fragile X,

mental retardation, Duchene muscular
dystrophy.
Screening for genetic disorders based
on racial/ethnic background:

Sickel hemoglobinopathies (African Americans)

-Thalassemia (Mediterraneans, SE Asia, AA/B)
-Thalassemia (AA/B and Asians)
Tay Sachs disease (Ashkhenazi Jews, French
Canadians, Cajuns)
Gauchers, Canavan, and Nieman-Pick Disease
(Ashkenazi Jews)
Cystic Fibrosis (Caucasians and Ashkenazi Jews)

25

Components of Preconception
Care
Counseling
Patients should be counseled regarding

the benefits of the following activities:

Exercising
Reducing weight before pregnancy, if overweight
Increasing weight before pregnancy, if
underweight
Avoiding food additives
Preventing HIV infection
Determining the time of conception by an
accurate menstrual history
Abstaining from tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug
use before and during pregnancy
Consuming Folic Acid
Maintaining good control of any pre-existing
medical conditions

26

Science, Guidelines,
Recommendations, Practice

Adakah manfaat AKPK

Science: There is evidence that

individual components of
Preconception Care work:
Rubella vaccination Folic Acid
supplements
HIV/AIDS screening
Avoiding teratogens:

Management and
control of:
Diabetes
Hypothyroidism
PKU
Obesity

Smoking
Alcohol

Oral anticoagulants
Accutane

Clinical Practice Guidelines

Exist

Clinical practice guidelines for

preconception care of specific
maternal health conditions
have been developed by
professional organizations:
American Diabetes Association (Diabetes -2004)
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
(Hypothyroidism 1999)
American Academy of Neurology (Anti-epileptic drugs)
American Heart Association/American College of
Cardiologists (Anti-epileptic drugs - 2003)
30

Where do people
stand?

ACOG/AAP (2002)
All health encounters during a
womans reproductive years,
particularly those that are a part
of preconceptional care should
include counseling on appropriate
medical care and behavior to
optimize pregnancy outcomes.
ACOG/AAP Guidelines for perinatal care, 5 th edition, 2002

32

US Public Health
Service
HP 2000 Objectives

5.10 and 14.12

Increase to at least 60
percent the
proportion of primary
care providers who
provide ageappropriate
preconception care
and counseling.
34

USPHS
Every woman (and, when possible, her
partner) contemplating pregnancy within
one year should consult a prenatal care
provider. Because many pregnancies are
not planned, providers should
include preconception counseling,
when appropriate, in contacts
with women and men of
reproductive age.Such care
should be integrated into primary
care services.
USPHS Expert Panel on the
Content of Prenatal Care, 1989

35

AKPK saat ini belum

dilaksanakan ( dengan baik )!

Sebagian besar rovider

belum melakukan.
Sebagian besar HI belum
memberikan
kompenasasi.
Sebagian besar
konsumen tidak
menanyakannya.
36

Percent Eligible Patients Seen for

Preconceptional Care by Type of
Provider (2002-2003)

CNM = Certified Nurse Midwives; OB/GYN = Obstetricians/ Gynecologists;

F/GP = Family / General Practitioners;

37

Tantangan untuk
implemetasi Challenges to
Implementation

1. Tidak ada kebijakan nasional.

2. Minimnya peralatan klinik.
3. Sedikit sekali adanya contoh

/ model pelaksanaan yang

sahih.
4. Pendidikan provider /

kustumer yang kurang.

39

Convening
Studying
Reporting

The Preconception Care Initiative

A Collaborative Effort of over 35 National Organizations

Purposes of CDC Initiative

Develop national recommendations to

improve preconception health

Improve provider knowledge, attitudes,

and behaviors
Identify opportunities to integrate PCC

programs and policies into federal, state,

local health programs
Develop tools and promote guidelines for

practice
Evaluate existing programs for feasibility

and demonstrated effectiveness

42

apa yang sudah kita

lakukan
? di tingkat pendidikan
Pembelajaran
( saja ?) .- kurikulum untuk siapa ?
Badan penasihat perkawinan ? ( apa
isinya ?)
Pertemuan / lokakarya ? ( sebatas pada
organisasi profesi ? )
Rekomendasi ?
Diskusi mahasiswa / himawari ? ...Why not.
Journal ilmiah ( siapa yang membaca ? )
Atau kita masih terlau sibuk bergelut
dengan PENAKIB ?
43

Next Steps
Publish and disseminate the recommendations
Increase awareness among public/private

providers
Identify opportunities to integrate PCC

programs and policies into state, local, and

community health programs
Develop tools and guidelines for practice
Evaluate existing programs for feasibility and

demonstrated effectiveness

44

What results of this

process?
Through collaboration and consensus:
Assessed current scientific knowledge
Identified best and promising practices
Identified issues needing further

attention
Refined definition
Developed vision and goals
Develop recommendations and action
steps
Produced documents to share across
professional fields.
45

Preconception Care
Framework
Vision

Improve health
and pregnancy
outcomes

Goals
Coverage Risk Reduction
Empowerment Disparity Reduction

Recommendations
Individual Responsibility - Service Provision
Access Quality Information Quality
Assurance

Action Steps
Research Surveillance Clinical
interventions

Financing

Marketing
training

Education and
46

Themes / Areas for Action

Social marketing and health

promotion for consumers

Clinical practice
Public health and

community
Public policy and finance
Data and research
47

A Vision for Improving

Preconception Health and
Pregnancy Outcomes

All women and men of childbearing age have high

reproductive awareness (i.e., understand risk and

protective factors related to childbearing).
All women have a reproductive life plan (e.g.,
whether or when they wish to have children, how
they will maintain their reproductive health).
All pregnancies are intended and planned.
All women of childbearing age have health
coverage.
All women of childbearing age are screened prior
to pregnancy for risks related to outcomes.
Women with a prior pregnancy loss (e.g., infant
death, VLBW or preterm birth) have access to
intensive interconception care aimed at reducing
their risks.

48

Goals for Improving Preconception

Health
Goal 1. To improve the knowledge, attitudes, and

behaviors of men and women related to

preconception health.
Goal 2. To assure that all U.S. women of
childbearing age receive preconception care
services screening, health promotion, and
interventions -- that will enable them to enter
pregnancy in optimal health.
Goal 3. To reduce risks indicated by a prior
adverse pregnancy outcome through
interventions in the interconception (interpregnancy) period that can prevent or minimize
health problems for a mother and her future
children.
Goal 4. To reduce the disparities in adverse
pregnancies outcomes.
49

Recommendations for Improving

Preconception Health (1-2)
Recommendation 1. Individual

responsibility across the life span.

Encourage each woman and every couple to
have a reproductive life plan.
Recommendation 2. Consumer awareness.
Increase public awareness of the importance of
preconception health behaviors and increase
individuals use of preconception care services
using information and tools appropriate across
varying age, literacy, health literacy, and
cultural/linguistic contexts.
50

Recommendations for Improving

Preconception Health (3-4)
Recommendation 3. Preventive visits.

As a part of primary care visits, provide

risk assessment and counseling to all
women of childbearing age to reduce risks
related to the outcomes of pregnancy .
Recommendation 4. Interventions for
identified risks. Increase the proportion
of women who receive interventions as
follow up to preconception risk screening,
focusing on high priority interventions.

51

Recommendations for Improving

Preconception Health (5-6)
Recommendation 5.

Interconception care. Use the

interconception period to provide intensive

interventions to women who have had a
prior pregnancy ending in adverse outcome
(e.g., infant death, low birthweight or
preterm birth).

Recommendation 6. Pre-pregnancy

check ups. Offer, as a component of

maternity care, one pre-pregnancy visit for

couples planning pregnancy.
52

Recommendations for Improving

Preconception Health (7-8)

Recommendation 7. Health

coverage for low-income women.

Increase Medicaid coverage among lowincome women to improve access to
preventive womens health,
preconception, and interconception care.

Recommendation 8. Public

health programs and strategies.

Infuse and integrate components of
preconception health into existing local
public health and related programs,
including emphasis on those with prior
adverse outcomes.

53

Recommendations for Improving

Preconception Health (9-10)

Recommendation 9. Research.

Augment research knowledge

related to preconception health.
Recommendation 10.
Monitoring improvements.
Maximize public health
surveillance and related research
mechanisms to monitor
preconception health.

54

Diffusion of Innovation
Theory
Innovators
Change Agents
Evidence
Guidelines for

Opinion

best practice
Early adopters

Later - laggards

leaders

Change in
dominant practice

Early and late majority

55

Opportunities for Action

Examples of Low Hanging Fruit
Permit states to use family planning waivers

for more interconception care.

Permit coverage of more uninsured women
using Medicaid and SCHIP.
Direct public health agencies to use resources
to:
Develop programs, test models, fill gaps
Evaluate and monitor progress

56

Thank You