CHLOROFORM

Made By:
13BCH024- Shardul Karve
13BCH025-Yagnesh Khambhadiya

INTRODUCTION

Chloroformisanorganiccompoundwithformula.Itisoneofthefourchloromethane.

Thecolourless,sweet
isconsideredhazardous.

smelling,denseliquidisatrihalomethane,and

Thehydrogenattachedtocarboninchloroformparticipatesinhydrogenbonding.

The
environmentisapproximately660000tonnes
naturalinorigin.

Manykindsofseaweed
producechloroform,andfungiarebelievedto
producechloroforminsoil,thusarethenaturalsourcesofchloroform.

totalglobalfluxofchloroformthroughthe
peryear,andabout90%ofemissionsare

Trichloromethane(Chloroform)wassynthesizedindependentlybytwogroupsin1831.

Liebig
carriedoutthealkalinecleavageofchloral,
whereasSoubeirainobtainedthecompoundby
theactionofchlorinebleachonbothethanolandacetone.

In1835,Dumaspreparedthesubstancebythealkalinecleavageoftrichloroaceticacid.

Today,
Trichloromethane
ispreparedexclusivelyand
onamassivescalebythechlorinationofmethaneandmonochloromethane.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Chloroform has the following physical properties:

(1) It is a sweet smelling colourless liquid.

(2) It is practically insoluble in water but dissolves in organic solvents such as
ether, alcohol etc.
(3) It is non-inflammable but its vapours may burn with green flame.
(4) It brings temporary unconsciousness when vapours are inhaled for sufficient
time.

 Molecular Formula : CHCl3

Molar Mass : 119.38 g/mol
Appearance : Colorless liquid
Density : 1.483 g/c
Melting Point : 63.5 oC
Boiling Point : 61.2 oC
Molecular shape : Tetrahedral

HEALTH HAZARDS

Toxicbyinhalationoringestion.

Harmful,irritantandpossiblycarcinogenicafterprolongedexposure.

Immediatesymptomsfollowingingestionorinhalationincludeexcitementand
nauseafollowedbydizziness,drowsiness,comaandconvulsions.

Delayedeffectsmayincludekidneyandliverdamage.

Inhalationcausesshortnessofbreathanddrynessofthemouthandthroat.

Ingestioncausesaburningsensationofthemouthandthroatandstomachupset.

Skinoreyecontactmaycauseirritationandinflammation.

PRODUCTION

Inindustry,chloroformisproducedbyheating
amixtureofchlorineandeitherchloromethaneormethane.
At400500C,afreeradicalhalogenationoccurs,convertingtheseprecursorsto
progressivelymorechlorinatedcompounds:
++HCl
++HCl
++HCl
Chloroformundergoesfurtherchlorinationtoyieldcarbontetrachloride(CCl4):
++HCl
Theoutputofthisprocessisamixtureofthefourchloromethanes(chloromethane,
dichloromethane,chloroform,andcarbontetrachloride),whichcanthenbeseparatedbydistillation.
Theabovemethodisusedinindustriesfortheproductionofchloroformwhileothermethodsarealsoused.

HydrolysisofBleachingPowder.
Chloroformismainlyobtainedcommerciallybytheactionofbleachingpowderonalcoholoron
acetone.ItstechnicalpreparationisdescribedinChemiker-Zeitung(1886,10,338),asfollows.
Thebleachingpowderactspartlyasanoxidisingagentandpartlyasachlorinatingagent,firstconvertingthe
alcohol,throughvariousintermediatestages,intochloral,CCl 3CHO.

Thisisthendecomposedbythecalciumhydroxideofthebleachingpowderintochloroformandcalcium
formate:
2CCl3CH
O
Chloral.

+ Ca(OH)2

2CHCl3
Chloroform.

+ Ca(OCHO)2.
Calcium formate.


(2)Reductionofcarbon-tetrachloride
Themethodisusedfortheproductionofchloroformonlargescaleby
reductionofcarbontetrachloridewithironfillingsascatalystandwater.

+HCl
But,theproductobtainedformthemethodisnotpureandismainlyusedasa
solvent.


(3)Distillingchloralhydrate
Chloroformisobtainedasaproductbydistillationofchloralhydrate
withconc.Sodiumhydroxidesolution.

+NaOH

USES

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, chloroform was used as an inhaled
anesthetic during surgery. However, safer, more flexible drugs have entirely
replaced it in this role. The major use of chloroform today is in the production of
the freon refrigerant R-22. However, this use can be expected to decline as R-22 is
replaced by refrigerants that are less liable to result in ozone depletion.
Smaller amounts of chloroform are used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical
industry, and for producing dyes and pesticides.
Chloroform is often used as a tool in kidnapping, especially in books and movies.
Chloroform containing deuterium (heavy hydrogen), CDCl3, is the most common
solvent used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Chloroform was mainly used as a anaesthetic during ancient time when the
anaesthesia was not invented.
Chloroform is also used as a reagent in many industrial reactions, for eg.generally affects the ortho-formylation of activated aromatic rings such as
phenols, producing aryl aldehydes like Reimer- Teimann reaction, Kharasch
addition.

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