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Hydraulic Machinery
Hydraulic Machinery
Pumps, Turbines...
Monroe L. Weber-Shirk
Cavitation
NPSH
Priming
Pump selection
Types of Pumps
Positive displacement
piston pump
peristaltic pump
gear pump
two-lobe rotary pump
screw pump
Jet pumps
Turbomachines
pump
Diaphragm pump
Peristaltic pump
Rotary pumps
gear
pump
two-lobe rotary pump
screw pump
Piston pump
diaphragm pump
Peristaltic Pump
Fluid only contacts tubing
Tubing ___
ID and roller
_______
velocity with respect to the
tubing determine flow rate
Tubing eventually fails from
fatigue and abrasion
Fluid may leak past roller at
high pressures
Viscous fluids may be
pumped more slowly
Rotary Pumps
Gear
Pump
fluid
Two-lobe
(gear
Rotary Pump
Rotary Pumps
Disadvantages
precise machining
abrasives wear surfaces rapidly
pulsating output
Uses
vacuum pumps
air compressors
hydraulic fluid pumps
food handling
Screw Pump
Can handle debris
Used to raise the
level of wastewater
Abrasive material
will damage the
seal between screw
and the housing
Grain augers use
the same principle
total flow
1
1st piston
0.8
2nd piston
0.6
3rd piston
0.4
3 pistons
0.2
0
0
10
rads
Thirsty Refugees
Jet Pump
eductor
A high pressure, high velocity jet discharge is used to
pump a larger volume of fluid.
Advantages
no moving parts
self priming
handles solids easily
Disadvantage
inefficient
Uses
deep well pumping
pumping water mixed with solids
Turbomachines
Demours centrifugal pump - 1730
Theory
) (
impeller
rotating element - ___________
encloses the rotating element and seals the pressurized
casing or _________
housing
liquid inside - ________
Pressure Developed by
Centrifugal Pumps
Radial Pumps
also called _________
centrifugal pumps
broad range of applicable flows and heads
higher heads can be achieved by increasing the
_______
diameter or the ________
rotational ______
speed of the impeller
Flow Expansion
Discharge
Casing
Suction Eye
Impeller
Impeller
Vanes
Axial Flow
also
known as
__________
pumps
propeller
low head (less than 12
m)
high flows (above 20
L/s)
same
D 3
Kinematic Similitude:
Constant Force Ratio
Reynolds
Froude
Weber
Mach
VD
V2
gl
2
V
l
ratio of inertial to surface-tension
_______ ______ forces
elastic forces
ratio of inertial to _______
V
c
V
gl
Turbomachinery Parameters
D flow
Q
e
C p = f Re, F ,W , M ,
,
,
Where is the fluid?
3
D
w
D
D
impeller
flow
flow
Hg
2
sh
a
Q
D
2
flow
CH
HgD 4flow
di
sc
ha
rg
ro
ug e
hn
es
s
pe
CH
he
ad
2 p
Cp
V 2
D flow
DHgD 4flow
Q
e
=CH = f Re,
,
,
2
3
Q
Dimpeller wD flow D flow
impeller
Q2
Shape Factor
Related
Exercise
N sp
N Q*
Hp
34
Impeller Geometry: Q
S
gH
Shape Factor
3 4
Impeller
diameter
N
500
S
0.18
1000
0.37
radial
3400
1.25
mixed
6400
2.33
mixed
10000 3.67
N in rpm, Q in gpm, H in ft
flow
Radial: highpressure
_______, low
____
pressure
flow
axial: high _______,
low
______
Nsp = 2732S
gH
3 4
Additional Dimensionless
Parameters
Hg
CH 2 2
D
Q
CQ
D3
CP
3 D 5
CQ1 2
C H3 4
D is the _______
impeller diameter
Pw QH
P is the _____
power
Alternate equivalent way
to calculate S.
Head-Discharge Curve
circulatory flow H
inability of finite
number of blades to
guide flow
V2
friction - ____
shock - incorrect angle
V2
of blade inlet ___
other losses
bearing friction
packing friction
disk friction
internal leakage
Theoretical
headdischarge
curve
circulato
ry fow
k
shoc
friction
Actual headdischarge
curve
sh
oc
k
eP
Pw
em
Ps
Pm
Ps
Pm
QH
eP em
Water power
Subscripts
w = _______
water
p = _______
pump
s = _______
shaft
m = motor
_______
Power (% of design)
radial
axial
S
1 - O.33
2 - 0.81
3 - 1.5
4 - 2.1
5 - 3.4
Discharge (% of design)
http://www.mcnallyinstitute.com/
Implications
Affinity Laws
With
Q
CQ
D3
Q1
Q2
With
Hg
CH 2 2
D
1
H 2 2
H1
P QH
CP
3 D 5
P2
2
P1
Q1 D1
=
Q2 D2
H1 D1
H 2 D2
P1 D1
=
P2 D2
Dimensionless Performance
Curves
0.08
He
ad
0.07
Hg
CH 2 2
D
0.06
0.05
fi
f
E
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
cy
n
cie
0.04
0.03
0.02
D=0.366 m
0.01
0
0
C H3 4
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
CQ
0.083 4.3
3
0.75
D
0.027
Curves for a particular pump
(defined at max efficiency)
____________
Independent of the fluid!
0 .5
12
Q
0.02
Efficiency
Pump Example
a pump with shape factor of 4.57, a
diameter of 366 mm, a 2-m head, a speed of
600 rpm, and dimensionless performance
curves (previous slide).
What will the discharge be?
How large a motor will be needed if motor
efficiency is 95%?
0.08
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.07
CH
Hg
2 D2
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
D=0.366 m
0.01
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
CQ
0.08
Efficiency
Given
0.1
D 3
Exercise
adds
________
Head ________
same
Flow
Series
same
________
Head ________
adds
Flow
Multistage
8000
Vapor pressure (Pa)
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
10
20
Temperature (C)
30
40
Absolute pressure
z
1
ps Vs2 pv
NPSH R = + g 2g g
2
pv Veye
NPSH R =
+
g
g 2g
peye
s = suction
Total head -pv!
At cavitation!
NPSHR
p1 V12
p2 V22
+ +z1 = + +z2 +hL
g 2g
g 2g
patm
ps Vs2
+zreservoir = + +hL
g
g 2g
patm
ps Vs2
- Dz - hL = +
g
g 2g
patm
pv ps Vs2 pv
- Dz - hL = + g
g g 2g g
patm
pv
- Dz - hL =NPSH A
g
g
NPSH problem
Determine the minimum
reservoir level relative to the
pump centerline that will be
acceptable. The NPSHr for
the pump is 2.5 m. Assume
you have applied the energy
equation and found a head
loss of 0.5 m.
?
18C
Exercise
60 m
1 km
p1 V12
p2 V22
z1 hp
z2 hl 11 m
m
2g
2g
hp z2 z1 hl
hp f(Q)
often expressed as
hp =a - bQ 2
120
Head (m)
100
80
syst
60
40
rve
u
c
em
Static head
20
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Discharge (m3/s)
0.8
Priming
Hg
CH 2 2
D
D
H
unable to produce much pressure
increase when pumping air
1.225 kg/m3
Density of air at sea level is __________
Change in pressure produced by pump is
about 0.1% of design when pumping air
rather than water!
Priming Solutions
Applications with water at less than atmospheric
pressure on the suction side of the pump require a
method to remove the air from the pump and the
inlet piping
Solutions
priming tank
to vacuum pump
foot valve
priming tank
vacuum source
self priming
foot valve
pump
Recirculate this liquid and entrain air from
the suction side of the pump
The entrained air is separated from the
liquid and discharged in the pressure side of
the pump
Variable Flows?
How
__________________________
Valve
__________________________
Multiple pumps (same size)
cycle
variable speed
belt drive
number of
poles
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
sync
full load
rad/sec
3600
3500
367
1800
1750
183
1200
1167
122
900
875
92
720
700
73
600
583
61
514
500
52
450
438
46
400
389
41
360
350
37
327
318
33
300
292
31
277
269
28
257
250
26
240
233
24
gH
3 4
gH )
(
w
p
34
Pump Selection
Material Compatibility
Solids
Flow
Head
NPSHa
Model M
Model X
gH
3 4
S=0.787
Pump Summary
Positive displacement vs. turbomachines
Dimensional analysis
Water problem?
Early in my college days I took a break and spent 17 months in
Salvadoran refugee camps in Honduras. The refugee camps were
located high in the mountains and for several of the camps the only
sources of water large enough to sustain the population of 6-10,000
were located at much lower elevations. So it was necessary to lift
water to the camps using pumps.
When I arrived at the camps the pumps were failing frequently and
the pipes were bursting frequently. Piston pumps were used. The
refugees were complaining because they needed water. The Honduran
army battalion was nervous because they didnt want any refugees
leaving the camp. There was only one set of spare parts (valve
springs and valves) for the pump and the last set of parts only lasted
a few days. The pump repair crew didnt want to start using the pump
until the real cause of the problem was fixed because spare parts
have to be fown in from Miami.
Water problem:
proposed solutions?
2 km pipeline (2
galvanized and
then 3 PVC) with
rise of 100 m
piston pump (80 L/min)
a dimensionless grouping
S f ( , Q, p, )
Eliminate mass
______
p
Q2 3
Eliminate length
_______
p
Q2 3 4 3
Eliminate time
______
Q
S
34
p
S
gH
3 4
min 60 s
CH
2D2
Q
CQ
D3
Pm
62.8 / s
rev
CQ 0.068
3
QH
eP em
2 m 9. 8m / s 2
CH
0.037
62.8 / s 2 0.366m 2
Hg
Q CQD
3
3
9800
N
/
m
0.21
m
/ s ) ( 2m )
(
)
(
P=
=5.55kW
( 0.78) ( 0.95)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.07
Hg
CH 2 2
D
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
D=0.366 m
0.01
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
Q
CQ
D3
0.08
0.1
Efficiency
NPSH solution
NPSH A =NPSH R
patm - pv
NPSH A =
- Dz - hL
g
Dz =
patm - pv
- hl - NPSH R
g
z 7.14m
?
18C
pv 2000 Pa
patm =101300 Pa
9789 N / m 3
Find Q
(
) (
Tz =r Q
1 t11
r2Vt2 - rV
Let A = 10 cm2
Tz =r QVt22 r2
Tzw =r QwVt22 r2
Tzw wVt22 r2
hp =
=
gQ
g
work
Tzw wVt22 r2
=
gVA
g
p1 V12
p2 V22
z1 hp
z2 hl
2g
2g
wVt2 r2
g
V22
= +z2
2g
Dimensional analysis
y
g
y
r
rg ene
a
e
n
rk
l
e
o
a
i
c
t
vt
ti
n
tf w
e
e
t
n
a
i
o
h
P
K
S
wVt2 r2 V22
= +Dz Solve for Q=AV
r
g
2g
Tzw =r QwVt22 r2
Q = A 2wVt2 r2 - 2 g Dz = AV2
Dz g ADz 2wVt22 r2 - 2 g Dz
=
hp
Tzw
cs2
Lost energy
wVt2 r2
g
wVt2 r2
g
V22
= +Dz
2g
V22
= +Dz
2g
100
Radial
Mixed
10
Axial
1
0.1
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
Flow (m3/s)
2 4 6
6000
4000
2000
1000
600
400
200
100
60
40
20
10
10
Power (kW)
1000