Fly Ash In Concrete

By-

Anupam Agrawal &

Devdutta Vajpayee
L.N.C.T. BHOPAL

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FLY ASH IN CONCRETE 11/4/21
 Content-
 Introduction of Fly Ash

 History

 Classification

 Uses of Fly Ash

 High Volume Fly Ash Concrete

 Present Scenario

 Contribution towards Environment

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 What is Fly Ash?
Fly ash is one of the residues generated in the 
combustion of coal. Fly ash is generally captured
from the chimneys of coal-fired power plants.

Chemically, fly ash is a pozzolan. When mixed with

lime (calcium hydroxide), pozzolans combine to form
cementitious compounds.

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.

FLY ASH

(Courtesy of U. of Québec)

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 History-
More than 2000 years
ago, Greeks and Romans
built structures that
survive today that took
advantage of the
pozzolan-lime reaction.
Romans used pozzolana
cement to build
the Appian Way, The
Roman baths, The
Coliseum and Pantheon
in Rome. These structures
still exist today!

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 Classification-
 Class F fly ash:

Fly ash that is produced from the burning of anthracite or

bituminous coal is referred as Class F fly ash.

 Class C fly ash.

Fly ash that is produced from the burning of lignite or sub

bituminous coal is referred as Class C fly ash. Most Class C
fly ashes have self-cementing properties.

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 Uses of Fly ash

Used in cement Used in concrete.

 Fly Ash blended cement (PPC)
too is gaining acceptance. The
share of Ordinary Portland
Cement is projected to
decline to 57.9% from 71% by
the year 2011.
 In concrete it is used
normally as main ingredient.
 Usage ranges from 15% to
60%.
e.g.-high volume fly ash
concrete (HVFAC)

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 Fly Ash Checklist-
Hardened Concrete

Fresh Concrete  Increasing Concrete Performance

 Enhancing concrete  Higher Strength

workability
 Decreased Permeability
 Ease of Pumping
 Increased Durability
 Improved Finishing
 Reduced Sulfate Attack
 Reduced Bleeding
 Reduced Heat of Hydration
 Reduced Segregation

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First usage of fly ash concrete.

HUNGRY HORSE DAM

In 1929,U.S.A.

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1 st
Usage
In India

RIHAND IRRIGATION PROJECT,

UP (1962)

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 High Volume Fly Ash Concrete.
 50% to 60% fly ash is incorporated.

 Low Water Content.

 Low Heat of Hydration.

 Low Cement Content.

 produce sustainable, high performance concrete mixtures that

show high workability, high ultimate strength, and high
durability.

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 Properties of HVFA Concrete
 Easier flowability, pumpability, and compactability

 Slower setting time

 Early-strength up to 7 days, which can be accelerated with

suitable changes in the mix design

 Much later strength gain between 28 days and 90 days or

more

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 Superior dimensional stability and resistance to cracking.

 After 3 to 6 months of curing, much higher electrical

resistivity.

 Very high durability to the reinforcement corrosion.

 Better cost economy due to lower material cost and highly

favorable lifecycle Cost.

 Superior environmental friendliness due to ecological disposal of

large quantities of fly ash.

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 Product Comparisons
High Volume Fly Ash Concrete Conventional Concrete

• Less energy intensive • Energy intensive

manufacture manufacturing

• Higher ultimate strength • Weaker ultimate strength

• More durable • Less durable

• Uses a waste by-product • Uses virgin material

• Less global warming gases created • More global warming gases

created
• Is a LEED certified material

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 HVFA Concrete Used-
1999 GAP Headquarters 50% fly ash concrete in pile caps and
Building, San Francisco, slab-on- grade work; 30% used in
CA column and slab-on- metal deck work
2000 Island Wood 50% fly ash concrete in footings,
Environmental Learning stem-walls, and slab-on-grade
Center
Whidbey Island, WA
2001 University of California 50% fly ash concrete used in
Berkeley, CA Wurster Hall and Barker Hall seismic
retrofits

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.

Wurster Hall,Berkeley, CA

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 Why Fly Ash is Ideal for the Interstate
Highway System and Secondary Roads ?
 HVFA is more durable than asphaltic concrete and needs almost
no maintenance.

 The design of a highway pavement is based on flexural strength

and HVFA concrete keeps gaining strength with age .

 There is no reinforcing steel in pavement concrete and roller

compacted concrete. Thus the corrosion of steel is a non
issues.

 It increases fuel efficiency of transport trucks by 11%,

resulting in cost savings and lower exhaust emissions..

 HVFA concrete is competitive with asphaltic concrete even

onfirst-cost basis

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 Chemical Interaction of Fly Ash with
Concrete-Making Materials

When Portland cement hydrates, calcium hydroxide is

formed.
Approximately 20% of the weight of Portland cement is
converted to calcium hydroxide
• Does not strengthen concrete.
Calcium hydroxide is soluble in water and may be removed
by leaching action.
When fly ash is employed, hydrated lime combines with fly
ash to form a stable cementitious compound.
• Helps strengthen concrete.
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 Fly Ash Availability and Portland
Cement Production in India in
2002-2010
Fly ash availability:

Estimated availability 2002: 80 to 100 million tonnes

Estimated availability in 2010: 180 to 200 million tonnes

Portland cement production:

Estimated availability in 2002: 80 million tonnes

Estimated availability in 2010: 120 million tonnes

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 Present Scenario
 Indian RMC Manufacturers add 15-18% fly ash to concrete
but the common man here still does not comprehend the
benefits derived from the usage of fly ash  in cement or in
concrete.

 In the US, the State of Wisconsin has been using a 60%

Class F fly ash in concrete mix since 1989.

 The Park lane Development in Halifax, Canada is a seven

story structure and was built with 55% high-volume fly
ash concrete .

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 World Cement Production
to Year 2010

s.no Year World total (million

tonnes)
1 1995 1,396

2 2000 1,662

3 2005 1,839

4 2010 1,946

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 World-wide Cement Production
and CO 2 Emissions

S.no. year Cement Total CO2 CO2

Production, Emissions, Contribution
billion billion by cement
tonnes tonnes Industry, %

1 1995 1.4 21.6 7

2 2000 1.9 28-30 7

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 Reduction of CO2 Emissions by
Increased use of Fly Ash-

 Replacing 15% of cement worldwide by SCM will reduce

CO2 emissions by 227 million tonnes.

 Replacing 50% of cement worldwide by SCM will reduce

CO2 emissions by 750 million tonnes. This is equal to
removing 1/4of all automobiles in the world.

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 Uses of Fly Ash In India
 Interstate highway system (both for the pavement and
the base course)

 Secondary roads using roller-compacted concrete

 Low-cost subsidized housing

 Structural concrete for buildings

 Development of added value products by beneficiating

fly ash to replace imported silica fume

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 Just 1 ton of fly ash use equals-

 Conserved Landfill Space

 Enough for 455 days of solid waste produced by an

average man.

 Reduced CO2 Emissions

 Equal to two months of emissions from an automobile.

 Saved Energy Enough to provide electricity to an

average home for 24 days.

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 Health Attributes
 There are traces of heavy metals in the fly ash.

 Some debate that the metals are effectively locked into

the cement matrix, preventing their release.

 By using fly ash in concrete rather than “landfilling” it, the

potential for the metals to leach into the environment is
reduced.

 Concerns have also been raised about the higher incidence

of Radium-226 in fly ash

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 Alternative Resources

 Rice husk ash, created by the controlled burning

of an agricultural waste product, can be added
to mixes to further increase the strength and
reduce the permeability of fly ash concrete.

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 .
Portland Cement is environmentally very
unfriendly material.
As good engineers, we must reduce its use
in concrete.

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FLY ASH IN CONCRETE 11/4/21
 So what is the solution ?
As good engineers, we must use more environmentally
friendly Supplementary Cementing Materials in concrete.
These materials are :

 Fly Ash

 Granulated B.F. Slag

 Silica Fume

 Rice-husk Ash

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 Questions…?

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 “ Thank You ”

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