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Presents: Handoff / Handover Strategies
Presents: Handoff / Handover Strategies
Presents: Handoff / Handover Strategies
Handoff /
1
Handoff in Cellular
Systems
AJAL.A.J
TM
Analysis of handoff
OBJECTIVES
Handoff Strategies
When to handoff
1G, BS based
2G or today's, Mobile-Assisted
Prioritizing Handoff
Guard channels concept
Queuing handoff requests
@ Olympics
Communication methods
methods
Verbal
Written
Electronic
Combination of
them
Outage area
Coverage area
9
10
Personalcommunicationsnetwork
11
Hexagonal
Network
Coverage
ModelforPCN
12
13
Near-Field
Reactive Near Field Region
Near-fieldregion:
Angulardistributionofenergydependson
distancefromtheantenna;
Reactivefieldcomponentsdominate(L,C)
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15
16
Basics: Structure
MultipleAccess
Downlink
Handoff
Uplink
MobileStationDistributed
transceivers
BaseStationFixed
transceiver
CellsDifferent
Frequenciesor
Codes
Accessandbackhaulingin5GHz
Broadband
VoIP
HotspotFeeding
Oil&GasTelecommunications
LeasedLines
SecuredVPN
VideoSurveillance
NomadicApplications
ShoppingMalls
Publicsafety
VideoSurveillance&
PublicSafety
LeasedLines
BreezeNETB
Backhauling
Municipalities&
Education
BreezeACCESSVL
TrafficControl
Video
Surveillance&
TrafficControl
Basestation
Internet
HotspotsFeeding
cafs
ConfidentialInformation
LeasedLinesReplacement
VoIP
BroadbandAccess
Gaming
Businesses
Residential
Handoff
When a mobile moves into a different cell while a
conversation is in progress, MSC automatically transfers the
call to a new channel belonging to the new base station.
Handoff operation not only involves identifying a new base
station, but also requires that the voice and control signals
be allocated to channels associated with the new base
station.
Prioritize handoff requests over call initiation requests when
allocating unused channels in a cell site.
ConfidentialInformation
mpr-spt-bleg:animperceptibledropin
temperature.
Handoff(Handover)Characteristics
Handoffs must be:
1. performedquickly
2. performedinfrequently
3. imperceptibletousers
4. performedsuccessfully
ConfidentialInformation
Handoff Strategies
Handoff: a mobile user moves to a different
cell while conversation is in progress, MSC
transfers the call to a new BS.
Identifying new BS
New voice and control channels to be allocated
senses:animperceptibledropintemperature.
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22
24
Handover decision
receivelevel
BTSold
receivelevel
BTSold
HO_MARGIN
MS
MS
BTSold
BTSnew
25(#)
26(#)
In this case, the MSC was unable to perform the handoff before
the signal level dropped below the minimum usable level, and so
the call was lost.
28
Handoff Unsuccessful
(contd)
traffic level
Un-availability of channels
29
Handoff
(contd)
31
momentary fading
Of course, the dropped call can happen when there is an
excessive delay by the MSC in assigning a channel (during
high traffic conditions) as well.
On the other hand, in deciding when to handoff, it is
important to ensure that the mobile is actually moving
away from the serving base station, (not that the drop in
the measured signal level is due to momentary fading.)
In order to ensure this, the base station monitors the signal
level for a certain period of time before a handoff is
initiated.
mimicking
33
mimicking
34
Dwell time
The length of monitoring needed depends largely on the
speed of mobile units.
Dwell time: the time over which a call may be maintained
within a cell without handoff.
The statistics of dwell time, vary greatly depending on the
type of radio coverage and user profiles within a cell, are
important in the practical design of handoff algorithms.
35
Definition of Handoff
Horizontal Handoff
Vertical Handoff
Handoff Illustration
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39(#)
40(#)
make
Soft Handoff:
OldMake-before-Break. Need to
use two radios New
Make-before-Break
(RAT)
Vertical Handoff: Different Technologies
Terminal Controlled
Terminal Initiated, Network Assisted
Network Initiated, Network controlled
41
Handoff
If the mobile user moves to the coverage area of another BS,
the radio link to the old BS is eventually disconnected, and a
radio link to the new BS should be established to continue the
conversation.
This process is variously referred to as
When to handoff
??
When to handoff,
Drop in signal level is not due to momentary
fading
Mobile is actually moving away from serving
BS
To ensure this,
BS monitors the signal level for certain period
of time
The period depends on the vehicle speed
@ 1G
In 1G, signal level was measured by BS
and supervised by MSC
Each BS constantly monitors the signal
strength of all its reverse channels to
determine relative location of each mobile user
In addition, the locator receiver (a spare
receiver) is used to scan and measure RSSI of
mobile users in neighboring cells and reports
to MSC
Based on these measurements, MSC decides if
handoff is necessary
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44
In 1G,
time to make handoff when signal drops
below threshold is 10s.
This requires that the value of be on the
order of 6 dB to 12 dB.
In 2G
such as GSM, MAHO determines the best
handoff candidates and requires only 1
or 2 seconds.
is usually between 0 dB and 6 dB.
Provides MSC substantial time to rescue a call
that is in need of handoff
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46
roaming
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Handover in network
48(#)
UMTS Handover
Intra-system Handover:
Intra-frequency HO
Inter-frequency HO
Inter-system HO
Different radio access technologies (e.g.
UMTS and GSM/EDGE)
Different radio access modes (e.g.
FDD/WCDMA and TDD/TD-CDMA)
49
1.Hard handover
Hard handover `breakbefore-make' is applied
when the users equipment
communicates with only
just one Node B.
Connection with the old
Node B is broken before
the new connection is
established
50
2.Soft handover
UE is located in the coverage
area of two or more different
Node Bs. The UE
simultaneously
communicates with two or
more Node Bs via two or
more radio channels. A
received signal in Node B is
routed to the RNC (Radio
Network Controller). The
RNC compares the signal on
the frame by- frame basis.
The best frame is selected for
the next processing; the
others frames are discarded.
51
3G (UMTS)
Soft Handoff
Procedure
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Testbed
54
3.Softer handover
Softer handover is
similar to soft
handover. The main
difference between
these two handovers
resides in fact that a
UE is located in the
coverage area of two
sectors of one Node B
55
Handover Phases
a]
Handover detection
b]
Handover
preparation
c]
Handover execution
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a] Handover Detection
One of the responsibilities of the
handover entity is monitoring and
triggering the handover.
57
Handoff Detection
Handoff Detection
RSSI measurements are affected by distancedependent fading, lognormal fading (i.e., shadow
fading), and Rayleigh fading (i.e., multipath fading).
Distance-dependent fading, or path loss, occurs when the
received signal becomes weaker due to increasing
distance between MS and BS.
Shadow fading occurs when there are physical obstacles
(e.g., hills, towers, and buildings) between the BS and the
MS, which can decrease the received signal strength.
Multipath fading occurs when two or more transmission
paths exist (due to signal being reflected off buildings or
mountains) between the MS and BS.
59
b]
Handover
Preparation
In this phase, the handover entity
requests for the other networks
resource availability information.
60
c] Handover Execution
A handover execution message is
responsible for triggering the
handover to another network and
is sent by the handover entity.
61
Handover Procedure
MS
BTSold
BSCold
measurement
measurement
report
result
MSC
HOdecision
HOrequired
BSCnew
BTSnew
HOrequest
resourceallocation
ch.activation
HOcommand
HOcommand
HOcommand
HOrequestack ch.activationack
HOaccess
Linkestablishment
clearcommand clearcommand
clearcomplete
HOcomplete
HOcomplete
clearcomplete
62
63(#)
Handoff must ensure that the drop in the measured signal is not due to
momentary fading and that the mobile is actually moving away from the
serving base station.
Running average measurement of signal strength should be optimized so
that unnecessary handoffs are avoided.
Depends on the speed at which the vehicle is moving.
Steep short term average -> the hand off should be made quickly
The speed can be estimated from the statistics of the received short-term fading
signal at the base station
Dwell time: the time over which a call may be maintained within a cell
without handoff.
Handoff measurement
In first generation analog cellular systems, signal
strength measurements are made by the base station
and supervised by the MSC.
In second generation systems (TDMA), handoff
decisions are mobile assisted, called mobile assisted
handoff (MAHO)
Handoff parameters
Word error indicator ( WEI )
Received signal strength indication (RSSI)
quality Indicator (QI)
66
(RSSI)
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4 types of handover
1
MS
BTS
MS
MS
MS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
BSC
MSC
MSC
GMSC
70(#)
Handoff
Three strategies have been proposed to detect the need
for handoff:
71(#)
72(#)
73(#)
74(#)
75(#)
76(#)
InterBS Handoff
These handoff schemes can
significantly reduce the probability
of forced termination as well as the
probability of call incompletion
(new call blocking plus handoff
call forced termination).
77(#)
Intersystem Handoff
In intersystem handoff, the new and old BSs are
connected to two different MSCs.
We trace the intersystem handoff procedure of IS41,
where networkcontrolled handoff (NCHO) is
assumed.
In this figure, a communicating mobile user moves out
of the BS served by MSC A and enters the area
covered by MSC B.
78(#)
intersystem handoff
intersystem handoff
If a mobile moves from one cellular system to
a different system controlled by a different
MSC
Issues to be addressed
A local call becomes a long-distance call
(roaming)
Compatibility between two MSC must be determined
Different systems have different policies and
methods for managing handoff requests
79
79
Intersystem Handoff
Intersystem handoff requires the following steps:
80(#)
Intersystem Handoff
81(#)
Intersystem Handoff
82(#)
Seamless Handoff
low latency
Minimal packet loss
83
NATserver
NATserver
Allpacketsareencapsulated
Allpacketsareencapsulated
andtransmittedusingUDP
andtransmittedusingUDP
Applicationsareboundtothetunnel
Applicationsareboundtothetunnel
andtransparenttothehandoff.
andtransparenttothehandoff.
1xRTT
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DM (Device Monitor)
Signal strength
Link capacity
Power consumption
SM (System Monitor)
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87
Large and small cells can be located at a single location (umbrella cell)
different antenna height
different power level
Call drops
Call drops
Excessive delay by MSC due to high traffic
load
is set too small for handoff time
No channels are available on any of nearby BS
89
89
Handoff Process
Types of Handoff
90
Handoff Process
Types of Handoff
91
Handoff Schemes
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Handoff Schemes
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Handoff Schemes
Non-Prioritized Scheme (NPS)
Prioritization Schemes
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96
Handoff Schemes
97
Summary
Handoff Strategies
When to handoff
1G, BS based
2G or today's, Mobile-Assisted
Question
What happens when mobile moves from one
cell to another?
Handoff!!
The process of transferring a mobile user from
99
THANKS
101
Answer Q.2.
In hard handoff, source channel is released, then target
channel is engaged. Connection to source is broken before
it is made to the target known as break-before-make.
Hard handoff needs to be instantaneous. It is perceived as
an event during the call; requires the least processing by
the network providing service.
In a soft handoff, source channel is retained and used in
parallel with target channel in the target cell. The
connection to the target is established before the
connection to the source is broken known as makebefore-break. It is perceived as a state of the call, rather
than a brief event.
Hard handoff
Soft handoff
Only one channel needs to be
allocated per call.
Mobile devices hardware does not
need to be capable of receiving
two or more channels in parallel,
which makes it cheaper and
simpler
103
Answer of Q.3:
Vertical handoff refers to a network node
changing the type of connectivity it uses to
access a supporting infrastructure, usually
to support node mobility.
Sequence of Events in the given scenario:
1. Docked Laptop with 802.3, 802.11, and 802.16e
2. Laptop undocks and switches to 802.11
3. User moves outside the building, laptop switches
to 802.16e (Vertical Handoff is completed)
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