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CNT Presentation
CNT Presentation
of carbon nanotubes
Nanocarbon:
Properties and Applications
Overview
Introduction
Synthesis & Purification
Overview of applications
Single nanotube measurements
Energy storage
Molecular electronics
Conclusion and future outlook
Introduction
Carbon
Introduction
Nanocarbon
Fullerene
Tubes
Cones
Carbon black
Horns
Rods
Foams
Nanodiamonds
Properties
Bonding
Graphite sp2
Diamond sp3
Properties
Nanocarbon
Properties
Nanocarbon
6 + 6 pentagons
1 5 pentagons
12 pentagons
Properties
Fullerene
The most symmetrical large molecule
Discovered in 1985
- Nobel prize Chemistry 1996, Curl, Kroto, and Smalley
Epcot center,
Paris
- prototype
~1 nm
Properties
Fullerene
Symmetric shape
lubricant
Properties
Fullerene
Symmetric shape
lubricant
Properties
Fullerene
Symmetric shape
lubricant
Properties
Fullerene
Chemically stable as graphite
- most reactive at pentagons
Kittel, Introduction to
Properties
Nanotube
Discovered 1991, Iijima
Roll-up vector:
Ch n a1 m a2
Properties
Nanotube
Discovered 1991, Iijima
Roll-up vector:
Ch n a1 m a2
Properties
Nanotube
Electrical conductanse depending on helicity
Ch n a1 m a2
If
2n m
i , then metallic
3
else semiconductor
Properties
Nanotube
Electrical conductanse depending on helicity
Ch n a1 m a2
If
Current capacity
2n m
i , then metallic
3
else semiconductor
1 MAmps / cm2
Heat transmission
Comparable to pure diamond (3320 W / m.K)
Temperature stability
Carbon nanotube
Caging
May change electrical properties
sensor
Geometry
Rollup Vector
(n,m)
n-m=3d
Chiral Angle
tan() = 3m/
(2(n2+m2+nm))
Zig-zag (n,0), =0
Chiral, 0< <30
Properties
Nanotube
High aspect ratio:
Length:
typical few m
length
1000
diameter
quasi 1D solid
Diameter:
as low as 1 nm
Properties
Nanotube
High aspect ratio:
Length:
typical few m
length
1000
diameter
quasi 1D solid
Diameter:
as low as 1 nm
SWCNT 1.9 nm
Properties
Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest ever known
material.
Young Modulus (stiffness):
Carbon nanotubes
Carbon fibers
High strength steel
1250 GPa
425 GPa (max.)
200 GPa
Carbon nanotubes
GPa
11- 63
Carbon fibers
GPa
3.5 - 6
~ 2 GPa
Properties
Mechanical
http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/gallery.html
Nanoscience Research Group
University of North Carolina (USA)
http://www.physics.unc.edu/~rsuper/research/
Electrical Properties
Synthesis: overview
Commonly applied techniques:
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Arc-Discharge
Laser ablation
Relatively cheap
Many side-products
Research Approach
Chemical vapor deposition set up
Parameters to be varied are:
Temperature , Mass Flow Rate, Hydrocarbon source,
Carrier gas, Deposition Metal
28
Synthesis: CVD
Gas phase deposition
Large scale possible
Relatively cheap
SWNTs / MWNTs
Aligned nanotubes
Patterned substrates
Purification: techniques
Removal of catalyst:
Acidic treatment (+ sonication)
Thermal oxidation
Magnetic separation (Fe)
SWCNT Transport
Properties
Overview of potential
applications
< AFM Tip
> Molecular electronics
Transistor
> FED devices:
Displays
< Others
Composites
Biomedical
Li-intercalation
Catalyst support
Hydrogen storage
Conductive materials
Supercaps
???
Overview of potential
applications
< AFM Tip
> Molecular electronics
Transistor
> FED devices:
Displays
< Others
Composites
Biomedical
Li-intercalation
Catalyst support
Hydrogen storage
Conductive materials
Supercaps
???
Overview of potential
applications
< AFM Tip
> Molecular electronics
Transistor
> FED devices:
Displays
< Others
Composites
Biomedical
Li-intercalation
Catalyst support
Hydrogen storage
Conductive materials
Supercaps
???
Energy Storage
Experiments & Modelling
Electrochemical Storage of Lithium
Electrochemical Storage of Hydrogen
Gas Phase Intercalation of Hydrogen
Supercapacitors
Energy Storage
3-electrode cell
Work Electrode
reduction
Counter Electrode
reduction
Ni OH 2
oxidation
NiOOH H + e-
Molecular electronics
FEDs
CNTFETs
SETs
Film Emitter
Film Emitter
Film Emitter
Etching and
lithography
Conventional CVD
Soft lithography
Conclusions
Mass production is nowadays too expensive
Many different techniques can be applied for
investigation
Large scale purification is possible
FEDs and CNTFETs have proven
Positioning of molecular electronics is difficult
Energy storage is still doubtful, fundamental
investigations are needed