Steel structures

joints ,welding and

riveting
A presentation by
Bani ,Dilkash ,Arzoo and Rahul

Introduction

joints are structural elements used for joining different

members of a structural steel frame work.

Steel Structure is an assemblage of different member such as

BEAMS,COLUMNS which are connected to one other,
usually at member ends fastners ,so that it shows a single
composite unit.

Components Of A joint

Bolts

Weld

Connecting Plates

Connecting Angles

Classification of joints

On the Basis of Connecting Medium.

According to the type of internal forces.

According to the type of structural Elements

According to the type of members joining

On the Basis of Connecting Medium

Riveted

Bolted

joints

joints

Welded

joints

Bolted-Welded joints

Riveted joints

Used for very long time.

Made up of:
Round Ductile steel bar called shank.
A head at one end

The length of the rivet should sufficient to form the second head.

Design - very similar to bearing type of bolted connection.

Installation

Heating of the rivet

Inserting it to an oversize hole pressure to the head.

Squeezing the plain End by Pneumatic driver Round head.

On Cooling Reduces in
LengthClamping Force

Riveting is no longer used

The introduction of high strength structural bolts.

The labour costs associated with large riveting crews

The cost involved in careful inspection and removal

poorly installed rivets.

The high level of noise associated with driving rivets.

of

Bolted joints

Fastened Together primarily by Bolts.

Bolts may be loaded in:

Tension
Shear
Both Tension & Shear

Threads of bolts under shear force:

Excluded Included -

Increased strength
Decreased strength.

Types Of Bolts

Bearing type bolts

High strength friction grip bolts (HSFG)

The most common type is bearing bolts in clearance holes, often referred to as

1.

Black Bolts

Ordinary, unfinished, rough, or common bolts.

Least Expensive

Primarily - Light structures under static load such as small trusses, purlins etc

2. Turned Bolts

Similar to unfinished bolts.

Shanks - Hexagonal Rods

Primarily - Light structures under static load such as small trusses, purlins etc

Expensive Limited use Structures with no Slippage Connections

3. Ribbed Bolts
Round head similar to Rivets.
Raised ribs parallel to the shank.
Actual Diameter - slightly Larger than the hole
Tightly fit into the hole.
Popular - Economical in Material & Installation

High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG)

Uses when bearing type bolts slips under shear

High strength bolts (8G or 10K grade) Pre-tensioned against the plates to be bolted
together so that contact pressure developed between the plates being joined

Prevents relative slip when extra shear is applied

Higher Shear Resistance.

Advantages
1. The bolting operation is very silent
2.

Bolting is a cold process hence there is no risk of fire

3.

Bolting operation is more quicker than riveting.

4.

Less man power is required in making the connections.

Disadvantages
1.

If subjected to vibratory loads, results in reduction in

2. Unfinished bolts have lesser strength because of non

strength get loosened.

uniform diameter

Welded joints
whose

components are joined together

primarily by welds.

Welding Notations were developed by

American Welding Society (AWS).

Types Of Weld
Groove ( More reliable than others)

Fillet (Mostly used, Weaker than groove and others)

Plug (expensive poor transmission of tensile forces)

Slot (expensive - poor transmission of tensile forces)

Plug and Slot welds stitch different parts of members together.

Positions of the welds

Horizontal

Vertical

Overhead

Flat

Advantages

Economical Cost of materials and labours.

Efficiency is 100% as compared to rivets (75- 90%)

Fabrication of Complex Structures Easy like

Circular Steel pipes.

Provides Rigid Joints Modern Practice is of Rigid Joints.

Disadvantage

No provision for expansion or contraction therefore greater

chances of cracking.

Uneven heating and cooling - member may distort - may

result in additional stresses.

Inspection is difficult and more costlier than rivets

Bolted- Welded joints

Most connections are Shop Welded and Field Bolted types.

More Cost Effective

Better Strength &

Ductility characteristics Fully welded.

According to the type of internal

Shear (semi rigid, simple) connections

Moment (rigid) connections

Shear (semi rigid, simple) joints

Allows the beam end to rotate without a significant restraint.

Transfers shear out of beam

Most Common Types:

Double clip
Shear End Plate
Fin Plate

Moment (rigid) joints

Designed to resist both Moment and Shear.

Often referred - rigid or fully restrained connections

Provide full continuity between the connected

Designed to carry the full factored moments.

Principal Reason - buildings has to resist the

effect of lateral forces such as wind and
earthquake.

members

Bolted splice Moment joint

Field Bolted Moment joint

According to the type of structural Elements

Single plate angle joint

Double web angle joint

Top and seated angle joint

Seated beam joint

Single plate angle joint

Two Step Process

A plate is welded to secondary section (beam)

An Angle is welded to Primary Section (column or Beam)

single shear plate welded to secondary

beam and bolted to Primary beam or column.

Double web angle joint

Two angles welded or shop bolted to the web

of a secondary beam.

After erection the angles are bolted or site

welded to the primary member (beam or
column).

Top and seated angle joint

Generally used in case of moment joints.

Two angles are provided at top and bottom of

the beam to resist moment.

Generally used for lesser moments where

heavy loads are not acting

Seated beam joint

Generally used in case of shear joints.

A seating angle - at bottom of secondary

beam - shop welded to the primary member.

Seating angle resists vertical shear coming

from the beam.

According to the type of members

joining

Beam to beam joint

Column to column joint

(column splices)

Beam to Column joint

Column Base Plate joint

Beam to beam joint

Two Types

Primary Beam to Secondary Beam joint

Beam Splice

Column to column joint

(column splices)

Connects column to column.

Column splice comes under this category.

Used to connect column sections of different sizes.

Splices - designed for both moment

and shear unless intended to
utilize the splices as internal
hinges.

Beam to Column joint

Connects Beam to column.

Very Common

A wide range of different types are used

Fin Plates
End Plates
Web or Flange Cleats
Hunched Connections

Beams are normally attached using two or

more bolts through the web.
End plate connections

single plate welded to the end of the beams

Bolted to the column flange or web - two or bolts pair.

Fin plate connections

Single Plate welded to the Column.

Beams are normally attached using two or more bolts through the web.

Column Base Plate joint

Steel plates placed at the bottom of Columns.

Function - to transmit column loads to the

concrete pedestal.

The design of a column base plate:

determining the size of the plate.
determining the thickness of the plate

A layer of grout should be placed between

the base plate and its support for the purpose
of levelling.

Anchor bolts should be

provided to stabilize the
column during erection
or to prevent uplift.