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Filtration
Filtration
Filtration
Department Of Chemical
Engineering
Filtration
Komal Yaqoob
Bushra Anwar
Jahanzaib Khan
Presented To :
Filtration
Definition:
Removal of Solids Particles from a Fluid passing through a Septum on
which the Particles are Deposited
Objectives Of Filtration
Types Of Filtration
1.
Gravity Filtration
2.
Cake Filtration
3.
Membrane Filtration
Gravity Filtration
Overview:
Working Principles
Coagulation:
Flocculation:
Working Principle
Sedimentation:
Centrifuge Filter
Working Principle
Overview
Working Of Centrifuge
Pressure resulting from the centrifugal action forces the liquid to pass
through the filter medium, leaving the solids
behind
In suspended batch centrifuge, the feed is batch. The filter media is used
in this kind of centrifuge are canvas or metal cloth. The solids are
discharged by cutting them out with an unloader knife, which peels the
cake off the filter medium
They form a dryer cake solids as compare to filter press and vacuum
filters.
Cake filtration
Equation of Filtration ?
Factors
1.
2.
3.
Viscosity of Filtrate ()
4.
5.
6.
Properties Of Slurry
Equation of Filtration
V = Volume of Filtrate
t = Cycle Time
A = Total Cross Sectional Area Of Filter Cake
l = Cake thickness
e = Voidage
= Viscosity of the Filtrate
P = Applied Pressure Difference
Equations of Filtration
Types
Of Filter Cakes :
a)
b)
Filter Press
Centrifuges Filter
Filter press
Sets of Plates
Operation Principles
The slurry feed pump starts to fill the press according to an optimum
rate
The feed pump turned off and the plates membranes compressed the
cake for optimum washing
All the filter cakes are being discharged with the discharge system.
ADVANTAGES:
a)
b)
c)
DISADVANTAGES:
a)
It is a Batch process
b)
c)
The Filter Press is used when the Slurry contains less than
5% Solids
Membrane Separations
Definition Of A Membrane:
A membrane can be defined as a Barrier that separates two
Phases
Phase 2
REAL MEMBRANE
Permeate
Feed
Driving Force
a)
Microfiltration
b)
Ultrafiltration
c)
Nanofiltration
d)
Reverse Osmosis
Differences of Membranes
Microfiltration
Overview:
Applications:
Fermentation
Biomass Clarification
Ultrafiltration
Overview:
Applications:
NanoFiltration
Overview:
These systems can remove virtually all Cysts, Bacteria, Viruses and
Humic materials
Applications:
Pharmaceutical Processing
Water Treatment
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis
Normal Osmosis:
Water molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region
of lower concentration through a partially permeable membrane
Reverse Osmosis:
Water molecules are forced to move from a region of lower
concentration to a region of higher concentration by applying a huge
amount of pressure
Reverse Osmosis
Overview:
Advantages:
Reverse Osmosis
Limitations:
Reverse Osmosis
Construction:
a)
Two flat sheets of membrane are glued together back to back to form
an Envelope
b)
c)
d)
Reverse Osmosis
Required
Pressure:
where
is the osmotic pressure (kPa).
T is the temperature (K).
R is the universal gas constant, 8.314 kPa m 3/kgmol K
Xi is the concentration of all constituents in a solution (kgmol/m 3).
Overall Comparison
There is an inherent difference in the separation mechanism in all
filtration processes and the reverse osmosis process.
a)
b)
c)
d)
End Of Presentation