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Lecture 2
Lecture 2
Outline
Overview
Pressure at a Point
Basic Equations for the Pressure Field
Hydrostatic Condition
Standard Atmosphere
Manometry and Pressure Measurements
Example Problems
Liquids
Statics
F 0
i
Compressibility Density
Water, Oils,
Alcohols,
etc.
Viscosity
Chapter 1: Introduction
Dynamics
F 0 , Flows
Stability
Pressure Buoyancy
Compressible/
Incompressible
Surface
Laminar/
Tension
Turbulent
Vapor
Steady/Unsteady
Viscous/Inviscid
Pressure
Fluid Dynamics:
Rest of Course
Fluid Statics
By definition, the fluid is at rest.
Or, no there is no relative motion between
adjacent particles.
No shearing forces is placed on the fluid.
There are only pressure forces, and no shear.
Results in relatively simple analysis
Generally look for the pressure variation in the
fluid
How does the pressure at a point vary with orientation of the plane passing
through the point?
F.B.D.
Pressure Forces
Gravity Force
V = (1/2yz)*x
Pressure Force
in the z-direction
on the z-face
Pressure Force
on the plane in
the y-direction
Pressure Force
in the plane in
the z-direction
Rigid body
motion in the ydirection
Weight of the
Wedge
Rigid body
motion in the zdirection
Now, we can simplify each equation in each direction, noting that y and z can
be rewritten in terms of s:
Math
Now, noting that we are really interested at point only, we let y and
z go to zero:
p2xs
p1xs
psxs
ps = p1 = p2
Surface Forces
Taylor Series
Body Forces
V = yzx
For simplicity the x-direction surface forces are not shown
Then,
Now, rewriting the surface force equation, we obtain the following:
Now, we return the body forces, and we will only consider weight:
Hydrostatic Condition: a = 0
0
This leads to the conclusion that for liquids or gases at rest, the
Pressure gradient in the vertical direction at any point in fluid
depends only on the specific weight of the fluid at that point. The
pressure does not depend on x or y.
Hydrostatic Equation
where the subscripts 1 and 2 refer two different vertical levels as in the
schematic.
p = po
h1
p = p1
p = p2
For p2 = p = h + po
For p1 = p = h1 + po
F2
A2
F1
A1
dp
g
Note: = g and not a constant, then
dz
By the Ideal gas law:
Thus,
Then,
p
RT
Stratosphere:
Isothermal, T = To
Troposphere:
Linear Variation, T = Ta - z
pa is the pressure at sea level, 101.33 kPa, R is the gas constant, 286.9
J/kg.K
Measurement of Pressure
Absolute Pressure: Pressure measured relative to a perfect vacuum
Gage Pressure: Pressure measured relative to local atmospheric pressure
A gage pressure of zero corresponds to a pressure that is at local
atmospheric pressure.
Absolute pressure is always positive
Gage pressure can be either negative or positive
Negative gage pressure is known as a vacuum or suction
Standard units of Pressure are psi, psia, kPa, kPa (absolute)
Pressure could also be measured in terms of the height of a fluid in a column
Units in terms of fluid column height are mm Hg, inches of Hg, inches of
H20,etc
Example: Local Atmospheric Pressure is 14.7 psi, and I measure a 20 psia (a is for absolute). What is
the gage pressure?
The gage pressure is 20 psia 14.7 psi = 5.3 psi
If I measure 10 psia, then the gage pressure is -4.7 psi, or is a vacuum.
Evangelista Torricelli
(1608-1647)
Torricellis Sketch
Schematic:
Animation of Experiment:
Disadvantages:
1)The pressure in the container has to
be greater than atmospheric pressure.
2) Pressure must be relatively small to
maintain a small column of fluid.
Move Up the 3) The measurement of pressure must
Tube
be of a liquid.
pA (abs)
pA(abs) - 1h1 = po
p A po 1h1
Gage Pressure
Closed End
Container
pA
pA + 1h1 - 2h2
=0
Then the equation for the pressure in the container is the following:
If the fluid in the container is a gas, then the fluid 1 terms can be ignored:
pA
Closed End
Container
Final notes:
1)Common gage fluids are Hg and
Water, some oils, and must be
immiscible.
2)Temp. must be considered in very
accurate measurements, as the gage
fluid properties can change.
3) Capillarity can play a role, but in
many cases each meniscus will cancel.
h2
sin
h2
l2
h2 l2 sin
Diaphragm: