Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EXSC 322 - Ankle & Foot Part 1
EXSC 322 - Ankle & Foot Part 1
Oatis, Ch 44 & 45
Floyd, Ch 11
Oatis, Ch 41 & 42
Floyd, Ch 9
Review
Muscles
Anterior muscles
Extend knee
Quadriceps
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
hip flexion
knee extension
hip abduction
anterior pelvic tilt
Quadriceps Muscles
Strength & endurance is essential for
maintenance of patellofemoral
stability
often a problem
quads are particularly prone to atrophy
when injuries occur
may be developed by resisted knee
extension activities from a seated
position
functional weight bearing activities such
as step-ups or squats are particularly
useful for strengthening & endurance
Muscles
Posterior muscles
Flex the knee
Hamstrings
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
biceps femoris
Other knee flexors
Popliteus
Tensor fascia latae
Sartorius
Gracilis
Gastrocnemius
Semitendinosus Muscle
hip extension
knee flexion
Semimembranosus Muscle
hip extension
knee flexion
Hamstring Muscles
Popliteus Muscle
Sartorius Muscle
hip flexion
hip abduction
hip external rotation
knee flexion
anterior pelvic tilt
Gracilis Muscle
hip adduction
hip internal rotation
weak knee flexion
Gastrocnemius Muscle
ankle plantarflexion
knee flexion
Knee Extension
Agonists
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
Knee Flexion
Agonists
Biceps femoris
(long & short heads)
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Oatis, Ch 44 & 45
Floyd, Ch 11
26 bones
19 large muscles
Many small (intrinsic) muscles
More than 100 ligaments
Support & propulsion
Foot trouble - common ailment
Poor foot mechanics leads to foot discomfort
No substitute for adequate muscular
development, strength, & proper foot
mechanics
Distal tibia
Articular surface
Plafond
Saddle shaped
Concave in an AP
direction
Convex in a ML direction
Bears 90% of ankle load
Lateral aspect articulates
with the fibula
Distal tibia
Medial malleolus
Prominent projection on inferior
and medial aspect of tibia
Lateral surface articulates with
medial aspect of the talus
Virtually no weight bearing
Pulley for posterior tendons
Tom, Dick & Harry muscles
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibial alignment
Distal end of the tibia is laterally rotated in
the transverse plane wrt proximal end of the
tibia
Lateral (external) tibial torsion
Normal ranges from 20o-40o
Distal fibula
Lateral malleolus
Medial surface articulates
with talus
Oriented laterally and
inferiorly allows some
weight bearing
Pulley for posterior tendons
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus longus
Tarsal bones
Foot is joined to leg
by complex
organization of bones.
7 tarsal bones
5 metatarsals
14 phalanges
Tarsal bones
Talus
Joins the foot to the leg
Trochlea (aka talar dome)
Convex in AP direction
Concave in ML direction
Anterior aspect is slightly
wider than posterior aspect
Lateral ridge is slightly wider
than medial ridge
Asymmetry explains motion of
the ankle
Tarsal bones
Calcaneus
heel bone
Largest of the tarsal bones
Sustains large impact
forces at heel contact
during gait
Provides long moment
arm for the Achilles
tendon
Tarsal bones
Navicular
Crescent-shaped bone
Posterior surface
articulates with head of
the talus
3 anterior facets
Cuboid
Posterior surface
articulates with calcaneus
2 anterior facets
3 cuneiform bones
Help form transverse arch
Great toe
Proximal
Distal
Tibiofibular joint
Proximal tibiofibular joint
Gliding joint
Supported by:
Synovial joint capsule
Anterior and posterior ligaments to the
head of the fibula
Syndesmotic/H
igh Ankle
Sprain
Deltoid Ligament
Talocrural joint
Oblique joint axis
Runs medial to lateral
between malleoli
Oriented posterior and
inferior
Primary movements
Foot moves towards leg
Dorsiflexion
Foot moves away from leg
Plantarflexion
Plantarflexion (extension)
movement of foot away from tibia
Subtalar joint
Articulation of the talus and
calcaneus
Acts to translate motion of the
tibia to the foot
(or vise versa)
Allows humans to walk smoothly
over uneven surfaces)
Oblique axis
Allows triplanar motion
Foot rotates upward -pronation
Foot rotates downward supination
Supination
combination of:
ankle plantarflexion
subtalar inversion
forefoot adduction (toe-in)
Inversion
turning foot inward
weight is on lateral edge of foot
Subtalar joint
If STJ axis lies closer to long axis of
the foot mostly inversion and
eversion
If STJ axis lies closer to long axis of
the leg mostly abduction and
adduction
Midtarsal/Transverse Tarsal
Joint
Talonavicular joint
Calcaneocuboid joint
Articulation of calcaneus with
cuboid
Saddle joint
Supported by:
Synovial joint capsule
Bifurcate ligament
Short and long plantar ligaments
Turf toe
Interphalangeal joints
Hinge joints (uni-axial)
Supported by:
synovial joint capsule
collateral ligaments
plantar plates
Toe extension
movement of toes away from
plantar surface of foot
Transverse arch
Formed by the cuboid
and cuneiforms
Pes cavus
Abnormally high medial longitudinal
arch
Deformities of Foot
Pes Planus
Pes Cavus