Digital Hierarchy

T1

STS4
OC1

DS3
DS0

STM 16

OC 256

T4

Transmission Modes

Parallel Transmission

Serial Transmission

Data Transmission

Data Transmission
Parallel

Serial
Synchronous

Asynchronous

Parallel Transmission

Serial Transmission

The 8 bits are sent

one after another

Synchronous Transmission

Asynchronous Transmission

Voice Digitalization
Digital Telephony

Voice Bandwidth =
200 Hz to 3000 Hz

-Sample
8 bits per sample
8 khz (8000 Samples/Sec)

T1 Hierarchy
T1 is made up of 24 DS0 Lines
T1 speed is 1.544 Mbps
0

DS0s
23
22

23

T1 Frame 1 10101010 01010101

11110000

T1 Frame 2 10101010 01010101

11110000

T1 Frame 12 10101010 01010101

11110000

T1 Framing bits

100011011100

2
1
0

T1 Hierarchy

T1 frame is made up of 192 (Voice) + 1 (parity) bits

T1 frame is transmitted in a time of 0.125 milli seconds
giving a total speed of 193/0.125 = 1544 kbps
or 1.544 Mbps

T1 Hierarchy
DS0s

T1 is made up of 24 DS0 Lines

T1 speed is 1.544 Mbps

T4
T4
274.76
Mbps

T4 = 4032
DSOs

T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
T3
44.736
Mbps
T3 = 672
DS0s

T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
T2
6.312
Mbps
T2 = 96
DS0s

T1C
T1C
T1C
3.152
Mbps
T1C = 48
DS0s

23
22

T1
T1
T1
1.544
Mbps
T1 = 24
DS0s

2
1
0
DS0 64kbps

E1 Interface

Supports 32 user channels( each of 64 kbps access

rate)

Provides 2.048 Mbps access rate

Mostly only 30 are dedicated channels

E1 supports 3 different bit structures

1. Frame
2. Multi frame
3. Unframed
The mode of operation dictates how the bits are
structured

E1 Hierarchy
E1 is made up of 32 DS0 Lines
E1 speed is 2.048 Mbps

DS0s

0
1
E1 Frame 1 10011011 01010101

31
11110000

E1 Frame 2 10011011 01010101

11110000

E1 Frame16 10011011 01010101

11110000

31
30

2
1
0

Structure of E1 Frame
Multiframe
0

TS 0

TS 1

10 11 12 13 14 15

TS 31

E1 Frame 256 bits

E1 basic frame consists of 256

bits
32 time slots
Each time slot contain 8 bits
And provides 64kbps
throughput

E1 TIME SLOTS FUNCTIONS:

TS0 - Synchronization

011011 (bits 2 7)

- alarms
- messages
TS16 - for Signaling
- can carry data as well
(TS1-TS15) & (TS17-TS31)

E1 Hierarchy
E1 takes 32 DS0 Channels
30 Slots for Voice
Two Special Timeslots
TS0 is used for Framing and Synchronization
TS16 is used for signaling
TS0

TS1

TS2

TS16

TS30

TS31

Speed of an E1 line is 32 @ 64 kbps = 2.048 Mbps

E1 CAS Transmission Format

ITU-T Rec. G.704

Frame

Multiframe (16 frames)

6
7
8
9

10

Frame 0 (32 Time Slots)

Time Slot

12

13

14

15

Frame 1 (32 Time Slots)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031

Time Slot 0
(8 bits)

Time Slot 1
Speech
Speech (Ch. 1) Ch. 1-15
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 LSB
X0011011
00000000
Frame
Alignment
Word

11

Time Slot 16
(8 bits)

Speech
Ch. 16-30

0000X0XX
MultiFrame
Alignment
Word

Time Slot 0
(8 bits)
X10XXXXX

Changes to 1 on
loss of distant
multiframe

Changes to 1 on
loss of distant frame
(remote alarm)
Not-Frame
alignment word

Time Slot 16 : Frames 2 through 15 are the same as frame 1

Time Slot 0: Even number frames 2 through 14 are the same as frame 0
Time Slot 0: Odd number frames 3 through 15 are the same as frame 1
1 = bit set to 1
1/0 = speech / signalling (varying data)

Time Slot 16
Signalling Bits
11111111
0 0 0 0Ch.
00
Fr. 0 0 Ch.

Speech
Ch. 1-15

Speech
Ch. 16-30

A B CD A B CD

1
2
3
:
15

1
2
3
:
15

0 = bit set to 0
X = unassigned bit (normally set to 1)

16
17
18
:
30

E1 Framing Format
Odd Frames

Bit #

->

1
I

2
1

3
A

4
N

International Bit

5
N

6
N

7
N

8
N

National Bits

1 Indicates ODD Frame

Yellow Alarm

Even Frames

International Bit

Bit #

->

1
I

2
0

3
0

4
1

5
1

(Alarm = 1)
(Normal = 0)

6
0

0 Indicates EVEN Frame

Frame Alignment pattern

7
1

8
1

Timeslot 0 Optional Operation (With CRC-4)

Frame 0

1
CI

2
0

3
0

4
1

5
1

6
0

7
1

8
1

0 Indicates EVEN Frame

4 Bit CRC

Frame Alignment pattern

Frame 4

1
C3

2
0

3
0

4
1

5
1

6
0

7
1

8
1

0 Indicates EVEN Frame

4 Bit CRC

Frame Alignment pattern

Frame 2
4 Bit CRC

1
C2

2
0

3
0

4
1

5
1

6
0

7
1

8
1

0 Indicates EVEN Frame

Frame Alignment pattern

Frame 6
4 Bit CRC

1
C4

2
0

3
0

4
1

5
1

6
0

7
1

0 Indicates EVEN Frame

Frame Alignment pattern

8
1

Optical Hierarchy
SONET

STS 1

SDH

OC 1

51.840 Mbps

OC 3

155.520 Mbps

STM 1

155.520 Mbps

OC 9

466.560 Mbps

STM 3

466.560 Mbps

OC 12

622.080 Mbps

STM 4

622.080 Mbps

OC 18

933.120 Mbps

STM 6

933.120 Mbps

OC 24

1244.160 Mbps

STM 8

1244.160 Mbps

OC 36

1866.240 Mbps

STM 12

1866.240 Mbps

OC 48

2488.320 Mbps

STM 16

2488.32 Mbps

OC 96

4976.640 Mbps

STM 32

4976.640 Mbps

OC 192

9953.280 Mbps

STM 64

9953.240 Mbps

51.840 Mbps

Thank You!

Multi Frame Structure

Made up of 16 consecutive frames

This frame structure is used for two purposes

1.signaling(CAS): here each channel has a
predetermined frame. Half of the TS16 is
dedicated for the channel signaling information
signaling (CCS): here one or more channels of
64kbps are dedicated for signaling
2. Error correcting code mechanism: CRC is carried
in TS0.

E1 Timeslot 16

E1 Timeslot 16