4.

1 Extreme Values of
Functions
Absolute extreme values are either maximum or
minimum points on a curve.
They are sometimes called global extremes.
They are also sometimes called absolute extrema.
(Extrema is the plural of the Latin extremum.)

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
Definition Absolute Extreme Values
Let f be a function with domain D. Then f (c) is the
a. absolute minimum value on D if and only
if f(x) < f (c) for all x in D.
b. absolute maximum value on D if and only
if f(x) > f (c) for all x in D.

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
Extreme values can be in the interior or the end
points of a function.

yx

D ,

No Absolute
Maximum
Absolute
Minimum

4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

Absolute
Maximum

yx

D 0, 2
Absolute Minimum

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
Absolute
Maximum

yx

D 0, 2

No Minimum

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
No
Maximum

yx

D 0, 2

No Minimum

4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

Extreme Value Theorem:
If f is continuous over a closed interval, [a,b] then f has a
maximum and minimum value over that interval.

Maximum &
minimum
at interior points

Maximum &
minimum
at endpoints

Maximum at
interior point,
minimum at
endpoint

4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

Local Extreme Values:

A local maximum is the maximum value within some

open interval.
A local minimum is the minimum value within some
open interval.

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions

Absolute maximum
(also local maximum)

Local maximum

Local minimum

Local minimum
Absolute minimum
(also local minimum)

Local extremes
are also called
relative extremes.

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
Absolute maximum
(also local maximum)
Local maximum

Local minimum
Notice that local extremes in the interior of the function
occur where f is zero or f is undefined.

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
Local Extreme Values:
If a function f has a local maximum value or a
local minimum value at an interior point c of its
domain, and if f exists at c, then
f c 0

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
Critical Point:
A point in the domain of a function f at which f 0
or f does not exist is a critical point of f .

Note:
Maximum and minimum points in the interior of a function
always occur at critical points, but critical points are not
always maximum or minimum values.

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
EXAMPLE 3 FINDING ABSOLUTE EXTREMA
Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of
f x x 2 / 3 on the interval 2,3 .

f x x

2/3

2 13
f x x
3
2
f x 3
3 x

There are no values of x that will make

the first derivative equal to zero.
The first derivative is undefined at x=0,
so (0,0) is a critical point.
Because the function is defined over a
closed interval, we also must check the
endpoints.

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
f x x
At:

2/3

x0

D 2,3

f 0 0

f 1 1

To determine if this critical point is

actually a maximum or minimum, we
try points on either side, without
passing other critical points.

f 1 1

Since 0<1, this must be at least a local minimum, and possibly a

global minimum.

At: x
At:

x3

2
3

f 2 2 1.5874
2
3

f 3 3 2.08008

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
f x x

2/3

D 2,3

f 0 0

At: x
At:

x3

Absolute
minimum:
Absolute
maximum:

2
3

f 2 2 1.5874
2
3

f 3 3 2.08008

0, 0
3, 2.08

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
y = x2/3

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
Finding Maximums and Minimums Analytically:
1

Find the derivative of the function, and determine

where the derivative is zero or undefined. These
are the critical points.

Find the value of the function at each critical point.

Find values or slopes for points between the

critical points to determine if the critical points are
maximums or minimums.

For closed intervals, check the end points as

well.

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions

Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the functio

f ( x) 2 x 3 5 x 2 4 x 2, on [1,2]
f ' ( x) 6 x 2 10 x 4
Find the critical numbers

0 6 x 2 10 x 4
0 (3 x 2)( x 1)

0 3x 2 5 x 2
2
x or x 1
3

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the function

f ( x) 2 x 3 5 x 2 4 x 2, on [1,2]
Check endpoints and critical numbers
The absolute maximum is 2 when x = -2
The absolute minimum is -13 when x = -1

x
f x
1 13
2 26
3 27
1 1
2 2

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions

Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the functio

x 3
f ( x)
, on [0,3]
x 1
2

( x 1)(2 x) ( x 2 3)(1)
f ' ( x)
( x 1) 2

x 2x 3
Find the critical numbersf ' ( x )
( x 1) 2
0 x2 2 x 3
2

0 ( x 3)( x 1)

x 3 or x 1

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the function

x 3
f ( x)
, on [0,3]
x 1
2

Check endpoints and critical numbers

The absolute maximum is 3 when x = 0, 3
The absolute minimum is 2 when x = 1

x
0
1
3

f x
3
2
3

4.1 Extreme Values of Functions

Find the absolute maximum and minimum of the function

f ( x) sin x sin 2 x , on 0,2

f ' ( x) cos x 2 sin x cos x
Find the critical numbers

cos x 0

1 2 sin x 0

0 cos x 2 sin x cos x

3
x ,
2 2

5
x ,
6 6

0 cos x(1 2 sin x)

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions

x f x
0
0
Find the absolute maximum and

1
minimum of the function
6
4

f ( x) sin x sin 2 x , on 0,2

0
2
The absolute maximum is 1/4 when x = /6, 5/6 5 1
6
4
The absolute minimum is 2 when x =3/2
3
2
2
2 0

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
Critical points are not always extremes!

yx

f0
(not an extreme)

4.1 Extreme Values of

Functions
yx

1/ 3

f is undefined.
(not an extreme)

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives
If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b],
then at some point between a and b:
f b f a
ba

f c

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives
If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b],
then at some point between a and b:
f b f a
ba

f c

Differentiable implies that the function is also continuous.

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives
If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b],
then at some point between a and b:
f b f a
ba

f c

Differentiable implies that the function is also continuous.

The Mean Value Theorem only applies over a closed interval.

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives
If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b],
then at some point between a and b:
f b f a
ba

f c

The Mean Value Theorem says that at some point

in the closed interval, the actual slope equals
the average slope.

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

y

Slope of tangent:

f c

Tangent parallel
to chord.

Slope of chord:

f b f a
ba

A
y f x

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

Rolles Theorem
If f (x) is a differentiable function over [a,b],
and if f(a) = f(b) = 0, then there is at least one
point c between a and b such that f(c)=0:

(a,0)

(b,0)

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

Show the function f ( x) cos x on 0,

3
satisfies the hypothesis of
the Mean Value Theorem

The function is continuous on [0,/3] and differentiable on

(0,/3). Since f(0) = 1 and f(/3) = 1/2, the Mean Value
Theorem guarantees a point c in the interval (0,/3) for
which
1/ 2 1
f b f a
sin c
f c
c = .498
/30
ba

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

(0,1)

(/3,1/2)

at x = .498, the slope

of the tangent line is
equal to the slope of
the chord.

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

Definitions Increasing Functions, Decreasing Functions
Let f be a function defined on an interval I and let x1 and x2
be any two points in I.
1. f increases on I if x1 < x2 f(x1) < f(x2).
2. f decreases on I if x1 > x2 f(x1) > f(x2).

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

CorollaryA Increasing
Functions,
Decreasing
Functions
couple of somewhat
obvious
definitions:
Let f be continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b).
1. If f > 0 at each point of (a,b), then f increases on [a,b].
2. If f < 0 at each point of (a,b), then f decreases on [a,b].
A function is increasing over an interval if the
derivative is always positive.
A function is decreasing over an interval if the
derivative is always negative.

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

f ( x) x 3 9 x 2 24 x

Find where the function

is increasing and decreasing and find the local
extrema.
+ 0
0 +
f ( x) x 3 9 x 2 24 x
f ' ( x) 3 x 2 18 x 24

0 3( x 6 x 8)
2
0 ( x 6 x 8)
0 ( x 4)( x 2)
2

inc (,2) (4, )

dec (2,4)
x = 2, local maximum
x = 4, local minimum

f(x)

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

(2,20) local max
(4,16) local min

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

y

y g x
y f x

These two functions have the

same slope at any value of x.
Functions with the same
derivative differ by a constant.
0

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

Find the function f x whose derivative is sin x and whose
graph passes through 0, 2

d
cos x sin x
dx
d
so:
cos x sin x
dx

f x cos x C
2 cos 0 C

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

Find the function f(x) whose derivative is sin(x) and
whose graph passes through (0,2).

d
cos x sin x
dx
d
so:
cos x sin x
dx
Notice that we had to have
initial values to determine
the value of C.

f x cos x C
2 cos 0 C
2 1 C
3C

f x cos x 3

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

The process of finding the original function from the
derivative is so important that it has a name:
Antiderivative
A function F x is an antiderivative of a function f x

if F x f x for all x in the domain of f. The process

of finding an antiderivative is antidifferentiation.
You will hear much more about antiderivatives in the future.
This section is just an introduction.

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

Example 7b: Find the velocity and position equations
for a downward acceleration of 9.8 m/sec2 and an
initial velocity of 1 m/sec downward.

a t 9.8

v t 9.8t C

(We let down be positive.)

Since acceleration is the
derivative of velocity,
velocity must be the
antiderivative of
acceleration.

1 9.8 0 C
1 C
v t 9.8t 1

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

a t 9.8

v t 9.8t C
1 9.8 0 C
1 C
v t 9.8t 1

9.8 2
s t
t t C
2
The power rule in reverse:
Increase the exponent by one and
multiply by the reciprocal of the
new exponent.

Since velocity is the derivative of position,

position must be the antiderivative of velocity.

4.2 Mean Value Theorem

a t 9.8

v t 9.8t C
1 9.8 0 C
1 C
v t 9.8t 1

9.8 2
s t
t t C
2
s t 4.9t t C
2

The initial position is zero at time zero.

0 4.9 0 0 C
2

0C

s t 4.9t t
2

4.3 Connecting f and f with the

Graph of f
In the past, one of the important uses of derivatives was
as an aid in curve sketching. We usually use a calculator
of computer to draw complicated graphs, it is still
important to understand the relationships between
derivatives and graphs.

4.3 Connecting f and f with the

Graph of f
First Derivative Test for Local Extrema at a critical point c
1. If f changes sign from positive to
negative at c, then f has a local
maximum at c.

local max

2. If f changes sign from negative to

positive at c, then f has a local
minimum at c.

local min

3. If f changes does not change sign

at c, then f has no local extrema.

f>0

f<0

f<0

f>0

no extreme

f>0

f>0

4.3 Connecting f and f with

the Graph of f
First derivative:
y is positive

Curve is rising.

y is negative

Curve is falling.

y is zero

Possible local maximum or

minimum.

4.3 Connecting f and f with the

Graph of f
concave up

Definition Concavity
The graph of a differentiable
function y = f(x) is
a. concave up on an open interval
I if y is increasing on I. (y>0)
b. concave down on an open interval
I if y is decreasing on I. (y<0)

concave down

4.3 Connecting f and f with the

Graph of f
Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema at a critical point c
1. If f(c) = 0 and f(c) < 0, then f has a local maximum at x = c.
2. If f(c) = 0 and f(c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at x = c.

4.3 Connecting f and f with the

Graph of f
Second derivative:

y is positive

Curve is concave up.

y is negative

Curve is concave down.

y is zero

Possible inflection point

(where concavity changes).

4.3 Connecting f and f with the

Graph of f
Definition Point of Inflection
A point where the graph of a function has a tangent line and
where the concavity changes is called a point of inflection.

inflection point

4.3 Connecting f and f with the

Graph
of
f
Sketch the graph
y x 3 x 4 x 1 x 2
3

y 3x 6 x
Set y 0
0 3x 2 6 x
0 x2 2x
0 x x 2
x 0, 2

x 0,. 2

Possible extreme at
First derivative test:

zeros at x = -1, x = 2
2

2
0
y 1 3 12 6 1 3
y 1 3 1 6 1 9
2

y 3 3 32 6 3 9

negative
positive
positive

4.3 Connecting f and f with the

Graph of f
y 3x 2 6 x
Set

y 0

0 3x 2 6 x
0 x2 2 x
0 x x 2
x 0, 2

x 0,. 2

Possible extreme at
First derivative test:

maximum at

x0

minimum at

x2

4.3 Connecting f and f with the

Graph of f

y 3x 2 6 x
Set

y 0

0 3x 6 x
2

0 x2 2 x
0 x x 2
x 0, 2

Possible extreme at x 0, 2 .

Or you could use the second derivative test:

y 6 x 6
y 0 6 0 6 6

negative
concave down
local maximum

y 2 6 2 6 6

positive
concave up
local minimum

maximum at x 0 minimum at x 2

4.3 Connecting f and f with the

Graph of f
We then look for inflection points by setting the second
derivative equal to zero.

y 6 x 6

0 6x 6
6 6x

1 x

Possible inflection point at

x .1

1
y 0 6 0 6 6

negative

y 2 6 2 6 6

positive

inflection point at

x 1

4.3 Connecting f and f

with the Graph of f
Make a summary table:

12

falling, inflection point

local min

12

rising, concave down

local max

rising, concave up

4.4 Modeling and Optimization

A Classic Problem
You have 40 feet of fence to enclose a rectangular garden along
the side of a barn. What is the maximum area that you can
enclose?

4.4 Modeling and Optimization

A x 40 2 x
x

x
40 2x

w x
l 40 2 x

w 10 ft
l 20 ft

A 40 x 2 x 2
A 40 4 x
0 40 4x
4 x 40
x 10

A 10 40 2 10
A 10 20
A 200 ft 2

4.4 Modeling and Optimization

To find the maximum (or minimum) value of a function:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Understand the Problem.

Develop a Mathematical Model.
Graph the Function.
Identify Critical Points and Endpoints.
Solve the Mathematical Model.
Interpret the Solution.

4.4 Modeling and Optimization

What dimensions for a one liter cylindrical can will
use the least amount of material?
We can minimize the material by minimizing the area.
We need another
equation that relates
r and h:

V r 2h

1 L 1000 cm
3

1000 r h
1000
h
2
r
A 2 r 2 2 rh
2

area of
ends

lateral
area

1000
A 2 r 2 r 2
r
2

2000
A 2 r
r
2

2000
A 4 r 2
r

4.4 Modeling and

Optimization
V r h
3
1
L

1000
cm

1000 r 2 h
1000
h
2
r
1000
h
2
5.42

h 10.83 cm

A 2 r 2 2 rh
area of
ends

lateral
area

1000
A 2 r 2 r 2
r
2

2000
A 2 r
r
2

2000
A 4 r 2
r
2000
0 4 r 2
r

2000
4 r
2
r
2000 4 r 3
500
r3

500
r

r 5.42 cm

4.4 Modeling and

Optimization
Find the radius and height of
the right-circular cylinder of
largest volume that can be
inscribed in a right-circular
cone with radius 6 in. and
height 10 in.

10 in
r
h

6 in

4.4 Modeling and Optimization

The formula for the volume of
the cylinder is V r 2 h
To eliminate one variable, we
need to find a relationship
between r and h.
10 h 10

r
6

10-h
r

10
h

5
h 10 r
3

10 in
r
h

6 in

4.4 Modeling and

Optimization
V r h
2

5
5 3
2
V r 10 r 10 r r
3
3

dV
20 r 5 r 2
dr
2

10 in
r
h

0 5 r (4 r )
r 0, r 4

6 in

4.4 Modeling and Optimization

Check critical points and endpoints.
r = 0, V = 0
r = 4 V = 160/3
r=6 V=0

10 in

The cylinder will have a

maximum volume when
r = 4 in. and h = 10/3 in.
6 in

4.4 Modeling and Optimization

Determine the point on the
curve y = x2 that is closest to
the point (18, 0).

d ( x 18) 2 y 2
Substitute for x

d ( x 18) 2 x 4

d ( x 2 36 x 324) x 4
1

ds 1 4
2
( x x 36 x 324) 2 (4 x 3 2 x 36)
dx 2

4.4 Modeling and Optimization

Determine the point on the
curve y = x2 that is closest to
the point (18, 0).

ds 1 4
2
( x x 36 x 324) 2 (4 x 3 2 x 36)
dx 2

ds
3
set 0 0 4 x 2 x 36
dx
x2
y4

0 2 x 3 x 18

4.4 Modeling and Optimization

Determine the point on the
curve y = x2 that is closest to
the point (18, 0).

0 2 x 3 x 18
0 ( x 2)(2 x 2 4 x 9)
-

x2

y4

4.4 Modeling and Optimization

Notes:
If the function that you want to optimize has more
than one variable, use substitution to rewrite the
function.
If you are not sure that the extreme youve found is a
maximum or a minimum, you have to check.
If the end points could be the maximum or
minimum, you have to check.

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
y

For any function f (x), the tangent is a

close approximation of the function for
some small distance from the tangent
point.

f x f a
We call the equation of the
tangent the linearization of
the function.

xa

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
Start with the point/slope equation:

y y1 m x x1

x1 a

y f a f a x a
L x f a f a x a

y1 f a

m f a

y f a f a x a
linearization of f at a

f x L x is the standard linear approximation of f at a.

The linearization is the equation of the tangent line, and you
can use the old formulas if you like.

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
Find the linearization of f(x) = x4 + 2x at x = 2

L x f a f a x a
L (x) = f(3) + f(3)(x - 3)
L (x) = 87 + 110(x - 3)
L (x) = 110x - 243

f(x) = 4x3 + 2

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
f x

1 x
sin x

L x
k

1 kx
x

Important linearizations for x near zero:

1 x 1 x

1
2

1
1 x
2

This formula also leads to

non-linear approximations:

1 5x4 1 5x

1
4 3

cos x

tan x

1
5 4
4
1 5x 1 x
3
3

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
Estimate 37 using local linearization.

L x f a f a x a

f ( x) x
1

1 2
f ' ( x) x
2

L(37) f (36) f ' (36)(37 36)

1
L(37) 6 (1)
12
L(37) 6.0833

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
Estimate sin 31 using local linearization.
f ( x) sin x
f ' ( x) cos x

L x f a f a x a

L(31) f (30) f ' (30)

180
1
3
L(31)

2 2 180
Need to
be in radians
180 3
L(31)
360

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
Differentials:
When we first started to talk about derivatives, we said
that

y
x

becomes dy

dx

when the change in x and

change in y become very small.

dy can be considered a very small change in y.

dx can be considered a very small change in x.

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
Let y = f(x) be a differentiable function.
The differential dx is an independent
variable.
The differential dy is: dy = f (x)dx

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
Example: Consider a circle of radius 10. If the radius increases by
0.1, approximately how much will the area change?

A r
dA 2 r dr
2

dA
dr
2 r
dx
dx

very small change in

very small change in A

dA 2 10 0.1
dA 2
(approximate change in area)

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
Compare to actual change:
New area:
Old area:

10.1 102.01
2

10 100.00

A 2.01

dA 2

Absolute
error

dA
2

2%
A 100
A 2.01

2.01%
A 100

percent
error

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
True
Absolute Change
Relative Change
Percent Change

f f (a dx) f (a)
f
f (a )
f
x 100%
f (a)

Estimated
df f ' (a)dx
df
f (a)
df
x 100%
f (a)

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method

Newtons Method

y
y = f(x)

(x1,f(x1))

y2 y1 m( x2 x1 )
0 f ( x1 ) f ' ( x)( x2 x1 )
0 f ( x1 ) f ' ( x)( x2 x1 )

(x2,f(x2))
(x3,f(x3))

f ( x1 ) x2 f ' ( x) x1 f ' ( x1 )

Root
sought

x3
Third

x2

x1

Second

First

f ( x1 )
x2 x1
f ' ( x1 )

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method

f xn
Newtons Method: xn 1 xn
f xn

This is Newtons Method of finding roots. It is an

example of an algorithm (a specific set of
computational steps.)
This is a recursive algorithm because a set of steps are
repeated with the previous answer put in the next
repetition. Each repetition is called an iteration.

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
Newtons Method

Finding a root for:

1 2
f x x 3
2

We will use
Newtons Method to
find the root
between 2 and 3.

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
Newtons Method

1 2
f x x 3
2
f ' ( x) x
Guess x1 = 2

f ( x1 )
x2 x1
f ' ( x1 )
1
x2 2
2.5
2

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
Newtons Method

1 2
f x x 3
2
f ' ( x) x
Guess x2 = 2.5

f ( x2 )
x3 x2
f ' ( x2 )
.125
x3 2.5
2.45
2.5

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
3
y

x
x crosses y 1 .
Find where

1 x3 x

0 x3 x 1

f x x3 x 1
f x 3x 2 1

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
f xn

f xn

xn

1.5

.875

5.75

2 1.3478261 .1006822

1.3252004

xn 1

f xn
xn
f xn

1
1
1.5
2
.875
1.5
1.3478261
5.75

4.4499055

1.3252004

1.3252004 1.0020584

4.5 Linearization and

Newtons Method
There are some limitations to Newtons Method:
Looking for this root.

Bad guess.

Wrong root found

Failure to converge

4.6 Related Rates

First, a review problem:
Consider a sphere of radius 10 cm.
If the radius changes 0.1 cm (a very small amount)
how much does the volume change?
4 3
V r
3
2
dV 4 10cm 0.1cm

dV 4 r 2 dr
dV 40 cm3

The volume would change by approximately 40 cm3

4.6 Related Rates

Now, suppose that the radius is
changing at an instantaneous rate
of 0.1 cm/sec.
4 3
V r
3
dV
cm
2
4 10cm 0.1
dt
sec

dV
dr
4 r 2
dt
dt
dV
cm3
40
dt
sec

The sphere is growing at a rate of 40 cm3/sec

Note: This is an exact answer, not an approximation like

we got with the differential problems.

4.6 Related Rates

Water is draining from a cylindrical tank
at 3 liters/second. How fast is the surface
dropping?

(We need a formula to

relate V and h. )

3
cm
dV
L
3000
3
sec
dt
sec
dh
Find
V r 2h
dt
(r is a constant.)
dV
2 dh
r
cm3
dt
dt
3000
3
dh
cm
sec
2 dh

3000
r
2
dt

r
sec
dt

4.6 Related Rates

Steps for Related Rates Problems:
1. Draw a picture (sketch).
2. Write down known information.
3. Write down what you are looking for.
4. Write an equation to relate the variables.
5. Differentiate both sides with respect to t.
6. Evaluate.

4.6 Related Rates

Hot Air Balloon Problem:
Given:

d
rad

0.14
4 dt
min

How fast is the balloon rising?

h
dh
tan
Find
500
dt
d
1 dh
2
sec

dt 500 dt
2

1 dh

sec 0.14
4
500 dt

500ft

4.6 Related Rates

2

Hot Air Balloon Problem:

Given:

d
rad

0.14
4 dt
min

How fast is the balloon rising?

Find

dh
dt

d
1 dh
sec

dt 500 dt
2

h
tan
500

sec
4

sec 2
4

500ft

dh
2 0.14 500
dt
2

1 dh
0.14
500 dt

ft
dh
140

min dt

4.6 Related Rates

Truck Problem:
Truck A travels east at 40 mi/hr.
Truck B travels north at 30 mi/hr.
How fast is the distance between the
trucks changing 6 minutes later?

r t d

1
40 4
10

32 42 z 2
2
9 16 z

25 z

z 5

y3

1
30 3
10
2

5 z

x4

4.6 Related Rates

Truck Problem:
Truck A travels east at 40 mi/hr.
Truck B travels north at 30 mi/hr.
How fast is the distance between the
trucks changing 6 minutes later?

r t x d y z
1
1 dz
dx
dy
40
2 x 10 42 y 30 10
2z 3
dt
dt
dt
2
2
2
3 4 z
dz
4 40 3 230 5
9 16 z
dt
2

y3

z 5

dy
30
dt

x 4 dx 40
dt

4.6 Related Rates

Truck Problem:
Truck A travels east at 40 mi/hr.
Truck B travels north at 30 mi/hr.
How fast is the distance between the
trucks changing 6 minutes later?

dz
250 5
dt

dz
50
dt

miles
50
hour