6 - Tables of A Database

LESSON 5
TABLE OF A
DATABASE
RAYMOND S. BERMUDEZ
Instructor, College of Computer Studies - MSEUF
Table of a database
A table is primarily a list of items or a
group of lists. To manage such a list, it

should be meticulously organized. To
organize this information, it is divided in
sections. Here is an example:
BY: Mr. RAYMOND S. BERMUDEZ, - Instructor, College of Computer Studies, MSEUF Lucena City
Table Name
To complete the creation of a table, you
must save it. If you are freshly creating

a table and decide to save it, you would
be prompted to name it. The name of a
table:
Can be made of digits only. For
example you can have a table

called 148
Can start with a digit, a letter, or
an underscore
Can be made of letters, digits, and
spaces
Table Name
Besides these rules, you can make up
yours. To avoid confusion, here are the

rules we will use to name our tables:
A name will start with a letter. Examples are
act or Second
After the first character as an underscore or
a letter, the name will have combinations of
underscores, letters, and digits. Examples
are _n24, act_52_t
Unless stated otherwise, a name will not
include special characters such as !, @, #, $,
%, ^, &, or *
If the name is a combination of words, each
word will start in uppercase. Examples are
Data Type
Data types are the most
fundamental constraint
element of a database in that
it restricts the range of
possible values that are
allowed to be stored within a
column.
Data Type (Numeric

Data)
One of the most common data types
that you will find within SQL Server

are numeric data types. There are
ten numeric data types that ship with
SQL Server 2008.
Four data types are designed to
store integer values of various sizes.
Two data types are designed to store
monetary data.
Three data types are designed to
store decimal-based numbers with
varying accuracy.
Data Type
Range of Value
Storage
Space
tinyint
0 to 255
1 byte
smallint
-32,768 to 32,767
2 bytes
int
-231 to 231 -1
4 bytes
bigint
-263 to 263 -1
8 bytes
decimal(p,s)
numeric(p,s)
-1038 to 1038 -1
5 to 17 bytes
smallmoney
-214,748.3648 to 214,748.3647
4 bytes
money
-922,337,203,685,477.5808 to
922,337,203,685,477.5807
8 bytes
real
-3.438 to -1.1838 , 0, and 1.1838

to 3.438
4 bytes
Float
-1.79308 to -2.23308 , 0, and

2.23308 to 1.79308
4 bytes or 8
bytes
Data Type
Character data type
char(n) - 1 byte per character
defined by n up to a maximum of
8000 bytes
varchar(n)
-1 byte per character

stored up to a maximum of 8000
bytes
Data Type
Character data type
text -1 byte per character stored up
to a maximum of 2 GB
nchar(n) -2 bytes per character
defined by n up to a maximum of
4000 bytes
Data Type
Character data type
nvarchar(n)- 2 bytes per characters
stored up to a maximum of 4000
bytes
ntext- 2 bytes per character stored
up to a maximum of 2 GB
Data Type
Character data type
smalldatetime
01/01/1900
to 06/06/2079
datetime
01/01/1753 to
12/31/9999
date
01/01/0001 to
12/31/9999
time
00:00:00.0000000
to 23:59:59.9999999
Data Type
Binary Data
bit
Null, 0 and 1 1 bit
The CREATE TABLE

Statement
The CREATE TABLE statement is
used to create a table in a database.

CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type,
....
)
The CREATE TABLE

Statement
Example
CREATE TABLE Persons
(
P_Id int,
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
)
SQL NOT NULL Constraint

The NOT NULL constraint enforces a
column to NOT accept NULL values.

The NOT NULL constraint enforces a
field to always contain a value. This

means that you cannot insert a new
record, or update a record without
adding a value to this field.
SQL NOT NULL Constraint

(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
City varchar(255)
)
SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint

The PRIMARY KEY constraint
uniquely identifies each record in a

database table.
Primary keys must contain unique
values.
A primary key column cannot
contain NULL values.

Each table should have a primary
key, and each table can have only

ONE primary key.

(
P_Id int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
City varchar(255)
)

on ALTER TABLE
To create a PRIMARY KEY constraint
on the "P_Id" column when the table

is already created, use the following
SQL:
ALTER TABLE Persons
ADD PRIMARY KEY (P_Id)
DROP a PRIMARY KEY

Constraint
To drop a PRIMARY KEY constraint,
use the following SQL:

ALTER TABLE Persons
DROP PRIMARY KEY
The DROP TABLE Statement

The DROP TABLE statement is used
to delete a table.
DROP TABLE table_name
The ALTER TABLE

Statement
The ALTER TABLE statement is used
to add, delete, or modify columns in

an existing table.
SQL ALTER TABLE Syntax
To add a column in a table, use the
following syntax:
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype
The ALTER TABLE

Statement
To delete a column in a table, use
the following syntax (notice that

some database systems don't allow
deleting a column):
DROP COLUMN column_name
To change the data type of a column
in a table, use the following syntax:

ALTER COLUMN column_name
SQLAUTO
INCREMENTField
Auto-increment allows a unique
number to be generated when a new

record is inserted into a table.
The MS SQL Server uses the
IDENTITY keyword to perform an

auto-increment feature.
By default, the starting value for
IDENTITY is 1, and it will increment

by 1 for each new record.
SQLAUTO
INCREMENTField
Example
(
P_Id int PRIMARY KEY IDENTITY,
City varchar(255)
)
Note:To specify the column (for example PID)
should start at value 10 and increment by 5,
change the identity to IDENTITY(10,5).
INSERT INTO statement

The INSERT INTO statement is
used to insert new records in a table.

The INSERT INTO statement is used
to insert a new row in a table.

SQL INSERT INTO Syntax
The first form doesn't specify the
column names where the data will be
inserted, only their values:
INSERT INTO table_name
VALUES (value1, value2,
value3,...)
The second form specifies both the
column names and the values to be
inserted:
INSERT INTO table_name

EXAMPLE:
We have the following "Persons"
table:
Now we want to insert a new row in
the "Persons" table.

We use the following SQL statement:
INSERT INTO Persons
VALUES (4,'Nilsen', 'Johan', 'Bakken 2',
BY: Mr.'Stavanger')
RAYMOND S. BERMUDEZ, - Instructor, College of Computer Studies, MSEUF Lucena City

Insert Data Only in Specified
Columns
It is also possible to only add data in
specific columns.
The following SQL statement will add
a new row, but only add data in the
"P_Id", "LastName" and the
"FirstName" columns:
INSERT INTO Persons (P_Id,
LastName, FirstName)
VALUES (5, 'Tjessem', 'Jakob')
LESSON 5
TABLE OF A
DATABASE
RAYMOND S. BERMUDEZ
Instructor, College of Computer Studies - MSEUF

6 - Tables of A Database

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6 - Tables of A Database

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LESSON 5

group of lists. To manage such a list, it

must save it. If you are freshly creating

example you can have a table

yours. To avoid confusion, here are the

Data Type (Numeric

that you will find within SQL Server

-3.438 to -1.1838 , 0, and 1.1838

-1.79308 to -2.23308 , 0, and

-1 byte per character

The CREATE TABLE

used to create a table in a database.

The CREATE TABLE

SQL NOT NULL Constraint

column to NOT accept NULL values.

field to always contain a value. This

SQL NOT NULL Constraint

SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint

uniquely identifies each record in a

contain NULL values.

key, and each table can have only

SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint

SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint

on the "P_Id" column when the table

DROP a PRIMARY KEY

use the following SQL:

The DROP TABLE Statement

DROP TABLE table_name

The ALTER TABLE

to add, delete, or modify columns in

The ALTER TABLE

the following syntax (notice that

in a table, use the following syntax:

number to be generated when a new

IDENTITY keyword to perform an

IDENTITY is 1, and it will increment

INSERT INTO statement

used to insert new records in a table.

to insert a new row in a table.

INSERT INTO statement

INSERT INTO statement

Now we want to insert a new row in

the "Persons" table.

INSERT INTO statement

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