Evolution of Internet

Gaurav Mittal
DoMS – NIT Trichy
History Of Internet
• Before the 1964 Cold War, American
Government thought of the means of
communication they would have if war
began.
• The Internet we use today is one of the
few positive legacies of Cold War paranoia.
• Before Internet, some networks
had gateways or bridges between them,
but these bridges were often limited or
built specifically for a single use.
 Contd…
• The roots of today's Internet come from
the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA), (a branch of the Department of
Defense).
• They had been awarded the contract to
develop the Interface Message Processor
(IMP), the basis of the new
communications system.
• IMPs would use a technology called
packet-switching, which split large
sections of data into small parts called
packets, each labeled with its destination
address.
Networks that led to
Internet
• ARPANET
• Its development was centered
around the Request for
Comments (RFC) process, still
used today for proposing and
distributing Internet Protocols and
Systems.
• X.25
• It uses packet switching, X.25 is
built on the concept of virtual
circuits emulating traditional
telephone connections.
• Unlike ARPANET, X.25 was
commonly available for business
use.
• UUCP
• In 1979, two students at Duke
University, Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis,
came up with the idea of using
simple Bourne shell scripts to transfer
news and messages on a serial line with
nearby University of North Carolina.
• UUCP networks spread quickly due to
the lower costs involved, ability to use
existing leased lines,X.25 links or
even ARPANET connections, the lack of
strict use policies.
• NPL
• In 1965, Donald Davies of the
National Physical Laboratory in the
UK proposed a national data
network based on packet-
switching.
 TCP/IP Development
• Researchers at DARPA began
working on a new protocol
which would be able to handle
larger numbers of users, and 
Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) was
born in the mid-1970s.
 World Wide Web
• WWW invented to exchange papers with
scientists of other labs, ’91.

• The World-Wide Web (also known as the WWW

or Web) was conceived as a far more user-
friendly and navigationally effective user
interface than the previous UNIX-based text
interfaces.

• The communications protocol devised for the

WWW was termed HTTP (HyperText Transfer
Protocol), hypertext being a concept conceived
by Theodor Holm Nielsen in 1960.
• The hypertext is essentially a navigational
tool, linking data objects, be it text or
graphics, together by association in what
is effectively a web of pages, hence the
use of the term "World-Wide Web."

• As soon as browser software became

available for the more common operating
systems such as Microsoft Windows and
Apple Macintosh, this new tool was
immediately picked up by the Internet
community, and by 1993 an annual growth
rate of 341,634 % was noted.
• Three things needed to get
Internet going..
• Access,
• devices,
• Content.

• Devices
• Servers, PCs, laptops, netbooks,
smartphones, iPhones, mobile
phones, tablet PCs, thin-client PCs,
gaming consoles,..
Some industries impacted by
the Net
 Advertising
 Auctions
 Auto banking, bill payments
 DVD rental, jobs
 Education, libraries
 Financial services, stock trading
 Gaming, governance,
 Classifieds, matrimonial,
 Politics
 Music, news, photography,
 Real estate, retail, shopping
 Telephony, travel, ticketing..
Internet Users in the
World
Advantages of Internet
• Communication: 
• By the advent of computer’s Internet, our earth has
reduced and has attained the form of a global
village. Now we can communicate in a fraction of
second with a person who is sitting in the other
part of the world.
• Today for better communication, we can avail the
facilities of e-mail; we can chat for hours with our
loved ones.
• Information:
• Information is probably the biggest advantage
internet is offering.
• The Internet is a virtual treasure trove of
information. Any kind of information on any topic
under the sun is available on the Internet. The
search engines like Google, yahoo is at your
service on the Internet.
• Entertainment:
• In fact, media of internet has become quite
successful in trapping multifaceted
entertainment factor.
• Downloading games for free, visiting chat
rooms or just surfing the Web are some of
the uses people have discovered.
• Services:
• Many services are now provided on the
internet such as online banking, job
seeking, purchasing tickets for your
favorite movies, guidance services on
array of topics engulfing the every aspect
of life, and hotel reservations.
• E-Commerce:
• E-commerce is the concept used
for any type of commercial
maneuvering, or business deals
that involves the transfer of
information across the globe via
Internet.
• It has become a phenomenon
associated with any kind of
shopping, almost anything.
Disadvantages of
Internet
• Theft of Personal information &
Privacy
• Spamming
• Threat of Virus Attacks
• Pornography
Web 2.0
• Wikipedia - well Wikipedia is
basically a completely free online
encyclopedia.
• 17th most trafficked site - Every page is
user contributed

• Google Maps- Scrollable with AJAX

• No page reloading. And you could
display data and popups. This was
powered by a new use of Javascript that
people are calling AJAX. Hard!
 Web 2.0 allows for…
• Storytelling
• Sharing stories, memories, traditions,
multimedia
• Information Sharing
• Procedures, updates, news, opinions
• Connecting
• People, events, involvement
opportunities
• Fundraising
• Converting affinity to $$
 Map out channel
strength
Website E-news Social Micro-blog Media Blog Wiki
Network
Story-telling X X X X

Information X X X X X X X
Sharing

Connecting X X

Fundraising X X X X
 Metrics worth
measuring
• Voluntary membership / readership
• # followers, fans, friends, members / time
• Subscribers to blog
• # of volunteer contributors
• Advocacy
• # of moderators online that aren’t staff
• # of posts re: institution not by staff
• Peer connections
• # of event attendees that staff didn’t
invite
• Applause: linking, reposting, reTweeting
Various Approaches
• Eric Schmidt, CEO of Google, 2007:
• Era of small, customizable applications that
are created and distributed solely by users
• Jason Calacanis, CEO of Mahalo, 2008:
• Experts will make web 2.0 platforms more
reliable, controlled, and of higher quality
• Toodles, Tourism Keys Internet Marketing,
2009:
• The location-aware and moment-relevant
internet
• Much more artificial intelligence, data-mining,
recommendations agents
 Web 2.0 vs.
• “The document web”
• Abundance of information
• Controversial
• “The social web”
• The second decade,
2000-9
• Google as catalyst
• Wisdom of the crowds
• Mashups, fragmentation
integration, new tools
• Search, search, search
• Google’s Pagerank
algorithm
• Lawless, anarchic
• Print and digital
Web 3.0
• “The data web”
• Control of information
• No less controversial
• “The intelligent web”
• The third decade,
2010-20
• Semantic web
companies as
catalyst
• Wisdom of the expert
• Why search, when you
can find?
• Ontologies, semantic
systems
• Standards, protocols,
rules
• Digital above all else
THANK YOU