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2.7 The Periodic Table - Groups 2 and 7
2.7 The Periodic Table - Groups 2 and 7
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Physical properties
The arrangement of the periodic table is
such that trends can be analysed both
across a period and down a group.
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Atomic
radius
(nm)
beryllium
0.112
magnesium
0.145
calcium
0.194
strontium
0.219
barium
0.253
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Element
Melting
point (K)
beryllium
1560
magnesium
923
calcium
1115
strontium
1050
barium
1000
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Group 2
hydroxide
Solubility
Mg(OH)2
sparingly soluble
Ca(OH)2
slightly soluble
Sr(OH)2
soluble
Ba(OH)2
soluble
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Solubility
MgSO4
soluble
CaSO4
slightly soluble
SrSO4
insoluble
BaSO4
insoluble
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Flame tests
When group 2 metals are burned in oxygen, coloured
flames are produced. This is due to the presence of metal
ions. Flame tests exploit this fact.
The presence of certain metal ions can be identified by
noting the characteristic flame colour that results from
burning. The colours for group 2 metal ions are:
magnesium bright white
calcium brick red/orange
strontium red/crimson
barium pale green/yellow-green
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light
heat
energy
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oxidation
states
oxidation
states
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oxidation
states
Mg
This is because it is
successively easier to remove
electrons to form the 2+ ion.
Ca
Sr
Ba
Reaction
does not react
reacts slowly to form
alkaline suspension
reacts to form alkaline suspension
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polarization
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Glossary
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Multiple-choice quiz
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van der
Waals forces
fluorine
atomic radius = 42 10-12 m
boiling point = -118 C
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iodine
atomic radius = 115 10-12 m
boiling point = 184 C
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Trends in electronegativity
Electronegativity of the halogens decreases down the group
due to an increase in atomic radius.
Increased nuclear charge has no significant effect because
there are more electron shells and more shielding. Iodine
atoms therefore attract electron density in a covalent bond
less strongly than fluorine.
fluorine
atomic radius = 42 10-12 m
electronegativity = 4.0
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iodine
atomic radius = 115 10-12 m
electronegativity = 2.5
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Astatine
The name astatine comes from the Greek word for unstable.
Astatine exists in nature in only very tiny
amounts. It is estimated that only 30 grams of
astatine exist on Earth at any one time. This is
because it is radioactive, and its most stable
isotope (210At) has a half-life of only 8 hours.
It was first made artificially in 1940, by bombarding 209Bi with
-radiation. What do you predict for these properties of
astatine?
colour
electronegativity.
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potassium
potassium
bromine +
bromide
chloride
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Reaction with
hydrogen
Explodes in
sunlight, reacts
slowly in the dark.
Reacts partially
and very slowly.
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gains electrons
fluorine
chlorine
bromine
iodine
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Halides
When halogens react with metals, they form compounds
called halides. Many naturally-occurring halides have
industrial, household and medical applications.
Halide
Formula Uses
caesium chloride
CsCl
Extraction and
separation of DNA
sodium
hexafluoroaluminate
NaAlF6
Electrolysis of
aluminium oxide
titanium(IV) chloride
TiCl4
Extraction of titanium
lithium iodide
LiI
Electrolyte in batteries
potassium bromide
KBr
Epilepsy treatment in
animals
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silver
nitrate
potassium
nitrate
silver
chloride
chloride
KCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) KNO3(aq)
+ AgCl(s)
Silver chloride has a low solubility
in water, so it forms a white
precipitate: the positive result in
the test for chloride ions.
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silver
precipitate
white paper
under mask
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Hydrogen halides
The hydrogen
halides are
colourless gases
at room
temperature.
Hydrogen halide
HF
20
HCl
-85
HBr
-67
HI
-35
fluoride
chloride
bromide
iodide
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be reduced
act as an acid.
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Oxidation states
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Glossary
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Multiple-choice quiz
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