Press in UK

With the publication of Oxford Gazette in

1665 the era of journalism began in UK
Printed twice a week under royal authority
Renamed as London Gazette
 Autonomy for Publication
The regulation for printing or Licensing Act
expired in 1694
After the revolution of 1688 journalist were
accorded considerable freedom
The efforts of the political party were to
protect the freedom of the press from the
Royal Authority
 18 th Century
First half of the 18th century produced
some great journalists like Samual
Jhonson, Defoe, Steele and so on
Their standards widely followed in
American colonies
Much of the content began to be
contributed by readers
 The first daily
The first ‘London Daily’ published in 1702
but only in London city for 150 years
Communication and transports were poor
Heavy taxes and duty for every copy
Taxes on advertisement and paper
 Development
From 1860s began the development
The period from 1870 to 1914 –the golden
era for journalism
The First World War again caused the
setback
 Modern Press in UK
Two Categories- Papers published in
London and papers published outside the
London
Nine Newspapers published in London are
called ‘Nationals’ as they are circulated
throughout the country
The other Newspapers are the Scotsman,
he Glasgow Herald, The Manchester
Guardian, The Yorkshire Post
 Evening Newspapers
The Evening News, The Star, The
Evening Standard
 Present day position
In 19th century Newspapers became family
property
With the arrival of various newspapers
competition became inevitable
Gradually Groups and chains developed
 Ownership of Newspapers
Various legal forms available for press
ownership
Private companies, Cooperative societies
and Trust too
In trust the general control is exercised by
the some prominent individuals
 Press Council in Britain
It grew for a formal inquiry into press
performance
The demand for Press Council began in
1946 by the union of journalists
Finally it was created in 1963
The properties of the British press resisted
the move
 American press
In 1704 the first Newspaper of USA
It was 84 years after the establishment of
the first successful colony in that area
At the time of independence the political
tension stimulated the growth of
newspaper
In first half of the 18th century the press
emerged
 New York Sun
In 1833 Benjamin H Day started New York
Sun with a motto , ‘It shines for All’
It revolutionized the circulation of the
newspaper. Earlier news were restricted to
social, commercial and political events
Now disaster, crime, catastrophe, crime
and amusement found due place
By 1837 sun was distributing 30,000
copies
 Arrival of Pulitzer
In 1883 Joseph Pulitzer introduced new
journalism
Human interest, gossip stories,
sensationalism with better skill and
technical execution
Complete coverage of the news and a
liberal editorial policy
 Continue….
The emergence of middle class, industrial
revolution
Immigration increased to New York
Independent thinking of the press
developed due to Pulitzer
Pulitzer has faith in Democratic party
rather than Republican party
 The New York Times
The largest Metropolitan in USA
Founded in 1851
Won 98 Pulitzer prize
Known for their liberal stance on political
and social issues
First Trans Atlantic delivery in 1919
 Continue…
The Times website rated as one of the
most popular websites
The Crossword began to appear in 1942
and section in 1946
First International Edition in 1946
 The Wall Street Journal
Published by Dow Jones and Company
with Asian and European Editions
Began in 1889
The name comes from the Wall Street in
new York (Financial Hub)
The Newspaper took its modern shape in
1949s during industrial expansion of USA
 Continue….
Gives financial news and considered as
conservative
The media baron Rupert Murdoch formally
acquired Dow Jones in 2000
 The Washington Times
Founded in 1982
Known for its conservative stance on
political and social issues
 Al-Ahram
Egyptian daily newspaper founded in 1875
Some of eh early writers were Egyptian
scholars
Content is controlled by Egyptian Ministry
of Information but opinion section is well
regarded
It has pan Arabic-language edition ‘Al
Ahram Al Arabia’ for the readers in the
Arab world
 The Guardian
Founded in 1821
Owned by the Guardian Media Group
Editorials generally inclined towards the
Left
Has a reputation ‘as an organ of the
middle class’
Traditionally affiliated with the centrist
liberal party
 Ashai Shimbum
Japan’s oldest and largest newspaper
Began its publication in 1879
Several times its liberal position irked the
govt and led to its vandalization
 The People Daily-
Organ of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of China
It has its editions in English, Japanese,
French, Spanish, Russian and Arabic
Established in 1948
Since establishment it has been under
direct control of the party’s top leadership
 Continue…

During Cultural revolution in 70s it was the

only source of information for Chinese and
foreigners.
Often not read for content but for the
placement
Editorials and are authoritative statement
of the Govt
 Dawn
Pakistan’s oldest and widely read
newspaper
Founded in 1941 by Mohammad Jinha as
mouthpiece of Muslim league
It has a liberal tradition
Reformist in nature
 Pravda
Leading newspaper of the USSR then
Started in 1912
Official voice of Soviet Communism
Closed down in 1991
Restarted in Tabloid style by the same
staff
It voiced Lenin’s argument during the
revolution