AIR POLLUTION & AIR AND

HUMAN HEALTH
TUTORIAL DUA
Anggota :
Nadya Ayudiawati N (130110140127)
Andini Pramesti (130110150009)
Rayi Fatin Naura (130110150028)
Aghni Qalbi Imansyah (130110150068)
Rifki Satria (130110150078)
Rahma Khaerunnisa (130110150097)

Rahma Maghfirannisa (130110150116)

Insy Nafisah Taufik (130110150167)
Ilham Nyssam Akbar (130110150174)
Ilyasa Bani Mahendra (130110150179)
Muthia Salsabila (130110150215)
Setia Rian Pramantara (130110150228)
Mochammad Aldo (130110150260)

AIR POLLUTION
What is air pollution?
Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any
chemical, physical, or biological agent that modifies the natural
characteristic of the atmosphere (WHO)

COMMON CAUSES/SOURCES OF AIR

POLLUTION
1. Agricultural Activities
a. Agriculture
b. Animal Husbandry
1. Transportation
2. Natural Phenomenon
a. Volcano Eruption
b. Forest Fires
1. Industrial Activities

AIR POLLUTANT
- Particulate matter
- Carbon monoxide
- Ozone
- Nitrogen dioxide
- Sulphur dioxide

EXAMPLE OF HEALTH EFFECTS FROM SPECIFIC

POLLUTANT
1. Ozone
.An unstable, poisonous allotrope of oxygen, O3, that is formed naturally in the
ozone layer from atmospheric oxygen by electric discharge or exposure to
ultraviolet radiation, also produced in the lower atmosphere by the
photochemical reaction of certain pollutants.
.Symptoms of exposure: nasal discharge, throat irritation, cough, wheeze,
chest pain, headache, fatigue

2. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

From fossil fuel combustion and natural volcanic activity.
Effects : irritates the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, throat,
and lungs; cause inflammation and irritation of the respiratory system; react
with other chemicals in the air and convert to a small particle that can lodge in
the lungs
Resulting symptoms: pain when taking a deep breath, coughing, throat
irritation, breathing difficulties, worsen asthma attacks, and aggravate existing
heart disease.
Capable of forming acid --> acid rain

3. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

From burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas), motor vehicle exhaust, created
by the oxidation of NO under conditions of sunlight.
Effects: inflames the lining of the lungs and reduce immunity to lung infections
cause problems such as wheezing, coughing, colds, flu, bronchitis, and cause
more frequent and more intense attacks pf asthma.

4. Carbon monoxide

Produced mainly by the incomplete burning of fossil

fuels
Characteristic: odorless, colorless
Hb-CO bond 300 times stronger than Hb-oxygen
bond
Low exposure: fatigue, headache, dizziness; 3-5%:
Impaired vision, disturbed coordination, nausea,
death

5. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Among other compound, include benzene,

chloroform, methanol, etc.

INDOOR POLLUTION

According to WHO, 4.3 million people a year die from the

exposure to household air pollution.

Tips To Imrove IAQ =

Household Cleaners
Disinfectants
Lawn Care and Pests
Building Materials

EFFECT =

Vinyl Floor and Wall

Coverings
Personal Care and
Beauty Products
Dry Cleaning

1. IMMEDIATE EFFECT
(irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat,
headaches, dizziness, and fatigue)
2. LONG-TERM EFFECT
(respiratory diseases, heart disease and
cancer, or fatal)

INDUSTRIAL AIR POLLUTION

CAUSES

EFFECTS

1. Lack of policies to control pollution

1. Respiratory and heart problems

2. Unplanned industrial growth

2. Global warming

3. Use of outdated technologies

3. Acid rain

4. Large numbers of small-scale industries

4. Euthropication

5. inefficient waste disposal

EXAMPLES
6. Leaching
of resources
from our
natural and
Waste
incinerators,
manufacturing
industries
power,world
plants emit high level of CO, organic
compounds, chemicals are released into the air
through chimneys

5. Effect on wildlife
6. Depletion of ozone layer

Definition of Aerosol in Medical Term

A colloid system in which solid or liquid particles are suspended in a gas, especially a
suspension of a drug or other substance to be dispensed in a cloud or mist. (MillerKeane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health)
Liquid or particulate matter dispersed in air, gas, or vapor in the form of a fine mist for
therapeutic, insecticidal, or other purposes. (Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary)
A particulate suspension of infectious agents which may remain pathogenic for long
periods of time. (McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine.)
So, in conclusion, Aerosol is

Characteristic of Aerosols
-

A colloidal suspension of particle dispersed in air or gas

Small size (<100nm)
2 Phase
Brownian motion
Tyndall effect

Characteristic of Gas
- Gases have the lowest density compare with solid and liquid
- Completely fill any container in which they are placed
- Highly compressible

Asphyxiants
Asphyxiants are gases that deprive body tissues of oxygen. They are generally
divided into two categories, simple and chemical.
Simple Asphyxiants
subtances that dilute or displace the oxygen in air without any other effect
e.g: carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, nitrogen, hydrocarbons

Chemical Asphyxiants
subtances that block the transfer of oxygen to the tissuess or the utilization of oxygen once it
reaches the tissues
e.g: carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide

COMMON CONDITION (RESULT FROM

EXPOSURE OF AIR POLLUTION)
EFF
ECT

Resp
irator
y

SYM
PTO
MS

HO
W
POL
LUT
ANT
CAU
SE
SYM
PTO
MS

DISE
ASE

Health Effects:
Eye, nose, throat irritation
Liver, kidney, and brain damage
Some can cause cancers
Child development

Effective control of industrial & urban air

pollution requires:

Identifying & measuring the pollutants that are most responsible for the problem
Reducing or preventing their emissions at the source
To set targets for the control of air pollution
to set standards or guidelines
Standard: a set of laws or regulations that limit allowable emissions or that do not permit
degradation (deterioration) of air quality beyond a certain limit

Standards may take form as:

Ambient air quality standards
Levels of general air quality in the region that the jurisdiction
responsible cannot allow to be exceeded
Emissions standards
Set the amount of pollution that is allowed to come from a

particular source

Control of ambient air

Control of emissions
pollution
Transportation policy
Energy policy
Policy on placement of facilities