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02 C HorizMeas W Tacheometry
02 C HorizMeas W Tacheometry
Concept
Determine distances indirectly using triangle geometry
Methods
Stadia
Establish constant angle and measure length of
opposite side
Length increases with distance from angle vertex
ERE 371
Tacheometry: Stadia
L2
L1
0.5L1
d1
tan(0.5 )
d1
d2
0.5L 2
d2
tan(0.5 )
ERE 371
Stadia Principles
Need simple method for establishing
Constant angle
Intercepted length
Method
Establish angle using telescope with supplementary cross
(stadia) hairs
Intercepted length found by reading where stadia hairs
intersect rod
ERE 371
Stadia Readings
Upper Hair
Middle Hair
Lower Hair
ERE 371
Stadia Principles
C
c
b
a
b'
a'
S
F
B
D
f = focal length
i = stadia hair spacing
c = distance from instrument
center to objective lens
center
ERE 371
C = stadia constant
K = f/i = stadia interval factor
d = distance from focal point
to rod
D = distance from instrument
center to rod
Stadia Equations
From similar triangles
d S
f
i
f
d S KS
i
D KS C
Horizontal sights
H KS C
usually k 100,C 0
H 100S
V 0
Inclined sights
H KScos2 Ccos
H 100Scos2
V KS 12 sin2 Csin
V 100S 12 sin2
ERE 371
Accuracy of stadia
Directly related to refinement of rod reading
Refinement of rod reading related to sight length
Very long sights not possible
Current situation
Reduced application since advent of total stations
ERE 371
Tacheometry
Concept
Determine distances indirectly using triangle geometry
Methods
Stadia
Establish constant angle and measure length of
opposite side
Length increases with distance from angle vertex
Subtense
Establish constant length and measure angle subtended
Value of angle decreases as length moves farther away
ERE 371
Tacheometry: Subtense
0.5L
d1
tan(0.51 )
d1
d2
0.5L
d2
tan(0.52 )
ERE 371
Subtense Principles
Need simple method for establishing
Constant length
Intercepted angle
Issues
Measure horizontal angle to instrument termed subtense bar
Bar must be horizontal
Bar must be orthogonal to line
Angle subtended must be accurately measured
ERE 371
Subtense Equation
Derive equation for computing distance by subtense
/2
d
d
0.5L
0.5Lcot( 2)
tan( 2)
L
L/2
Current situation
Reduced application since advent of total stations
ERE 371
Readings
Chapter 6 sections 6.6, 6.7, 6.14 6.16
Chapter 16 section 16.9.2
ERE 371