Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ME 188 - Combined Brayton & Rankine Cycles
ME 188 - Combined Brayton & Rankine Cycles
ME 188 - Combined Brayton & Rankine Cycles
2/15/16
Gas
(turbine) power cycle
Processes (ideal):
Processes (real):
Regeneration!
2/15/16
2/15/16
Intercooling!
2/15/16
O_O!
2/15/16
Two-phase
(usually liquid and steam) power
cycle
Processes (ideal):
Processes (real):
Reheat!
2/15/16
Regeneration!
2/15/16
10
Link between the two cycles: wasteheat recovery boiler (WHRB) (aka HeatRecovery Steam Generator, HRSG)
WHRB:
Economizer,
Superheater
Evaporator,
2/15/16
11
2/15/16
12
Radiation Losses
(0.5%)
Radiation Losses
(0.3%)
Exhaust
Energy
(61.5%)
Radiation Losses
(0.3%)
Steam Turbine
Output (21%)
Radiation Losses
(0.2%)
Condenser (30%)
2/15/16
Modifications of the
Basic Combined Cycle
NOTE: Either the top cycle or the bottom cycle can be modified so that the
new cycle can be called as a modification to the basic combined cycle.
14
Supplementary Firing
Rao, Ashok D. Combined Cycle Systems for Near-zero Emission Power Generation.
Gjerde, Ed. Supplementary Firing of Gas Turbine Exhaust System
2/15/16
15
Multipressure Boiler
Rao, Ashok D. Combined Cycle Systems for Near-zero Emission Power Generation.
2/15/16
16
Ibrahim, T. K., Rahman, M. M. Study on Effective Parameter of the Triple-Pressure Reheat Combined Cycle Performance.
2/15/16
17
Supercharged Boiler
Rao, Ashok D. Combined Cycle Systems for Near-zero Emission Power Generation.
2/15/16
18
Integrated Gasification
involves partial oxidation of feedstock (such as coal) and highpressure, high purity oxygen to make
syngas
Rao, Ashok D. Combined Cycle Systems for Near-zero Emission Power Generation.
Beer, Janos. High Efficiency Electric Power Generation; The Environmental Role.
2/15/16
19
Integrated Gasification
Beer, Janos. High Efficiency Electric Power Generation; The Environmental Role.
2/15/16
20
Coal Gasification
Rao, Ashok D. Combined Cycle Systems for Near-zero Emission Power Generation.
2/15/16
21
Plants using this are also known as mixed/wet gas turbine plants.
Rao, Ashok D. Combined Cycle Systems for Near-zero Emission Power Generation.
2/15/16
22
Rao, Ashok D. Combined Cycle Systems for Near-zero Emission Power Generation.
2/15/16
23
Rao, Ashok D. Combined Cycle Systems for Near-zero Emission Power Generation.
Beer, Janos. High Efficiency Electric Power Generation; The Environmental Role.
2/15/16
24
External Firing
Rao, Ashok D. Combined Cycle Systems for Near-zero Emission Power Generation.
2/15/16
25
Rao, Ashok D. Combined Cycle Systems for Near-zero Emission Power Generation.
Beer, Janos. High Efficiency Electric Power Generation; The Environmental Role.
2/15/16
PROBLEM SOLVING
After all, we like to see numbers
27
A combined gas-steam-turbine power plant is designed with four 50-MW gas turbines and one 120MW steam turbine. Each gas turbine operates with compressor inlet temperature 505R (280.556
K), turbine inlet temperature 2450R (1361.111 K), pressure ratio for both compressor and turbine
5, and compressor & turbine polytropic efficiencies of 0.87. The turbines have a mechanical
efficiency of 0.96. The gases leaving the turbines go to a regenerator with an effectiveness of 0.87
then to a heat-recovery boiler. The turbine gases correspond to 200% theoretical air. The steam
cycle has a turbine steam inlet at 1200 psia (8.27309 MPa) and 1460R (811.1111 K), one open
feedwater heater (not optimally placed), where the feedwater goes to the heat-recovery boiler at
920R (511.111 K), condenser pressure 1 psia (6.89476 kPa), and turbine polytropic & mechanical
efficiencies of 0.87 and 0.96, respectively. All electric generator efficiencies are 0.96.
Supplementary firing at full load raises the gas temperature to 2000R (1111.111 K). Draw the
schematic and T-s diagrams and calculate a) the required steam mass flow rate in the steam
turbine in pound-mass per hour, b) the required air mass flow rate in each gas turbine in poundmass per hour, c) the heat added in the gas cycle and in the supplementary firing at full load, d)
the stack gas temperature in F, e) the cycle efficiency at full load, and f) the efficiency at startup
when only one gas turbine is used at its full load with no supplementary firing or regeneration.
2/15/16
28
Given:
Given:
29
Required:
Schematic Diagram
T-s Diagram
Heat added to the combustors of the gas turbine cycles at full load (BTU/h)
Efficiency at startup when only one gas turbine is used at its full load with no
supplementary firing or regeneration
2/15/16
30
Source: I drew the schematic & T-s diagrams. +10 points for effort!
T-s Diagram
2/15/16
31
SOLUTION
Thermodynamic states:
State 1
T1 = 505R
Working equations:
rP1 = 1.09695
h1 = 120.675 BTU/lb-m
State 2
= 201.9612952 BTU/lb-m
= 842.1130824R
2/15/16
32
Thermodynamic states:
State 4
State 6
T6 = 2000R
T4 = 2450R
rP6 = 211.6
rP4 = 511.9
h6 = 15189.3 BTU/lbm-mol
h4 = 19080.7 BTU/lb-m
State 5
rP5 = rP4/5 = 511.9/5 = 102.38
= 13389.86597 BTU/lbm-mol
= 1782.782213R
T5S = 1683.083004R
h5s = 12539.51146 BTU/lbm-mol
2/15/16
33
Since there are four gas turbine cycles, the required mass flow rate of air is
9.34 106 lbm/h.
2/15/16
34
State 10
State 11A
P12 = 1 psia
T10 = 1460R
s12S = s10
T12S = 561.36R
State 11S
T11 = 920R
State 12A
s11S = s10
Saturated Liquid
State 13
2/15/16
35
State 14
s14 = s13 = 0.13271 BTU/lbm-R
s9 = s15
Saturated Liquid
P15 = P14
h9 = 339.29 BTU/lbm
State 15
State 9
2/15/16
36
2/15/16
37
(4.13105 lbm/h)
2/15/16
38
IMPROVEMENTS TO THE
COMBINED CYCLE
Within the recent 5 years
2/15/16
39
Innovations
2/15/16
40
CO2 Optimization
Wang, Xurong, Ph.D., Jiangfeng Wang, Pan Zhao, Ph.D., and Yiping Dai. "Thermodynamic Comparison and Optimization of
Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycles with a Bottoming Transcritical CO2 Cycle."
2/15/16
41
Manente, Giovanni. "High Performance Integrated Solar Combined Cycles with Minimum Modifications to the Combined Cycle
Power Plant Design."
2/15/16
42
Higher efficiencies in
compression with addition
of compressor stage
Without Supercharger
With Supercharger K1
2/15/16
43
Cleaner byproducts
Ehaaei, Mehdi et.al. Optimization of Fog Inlet Air Cooling System for Combined Cycle Power Plants using Genetic Algorithm.
2/15/16
44
References
El-Wakil, M. M. Powerplant Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill Primis Custom Pub., 2002. Print.
Potter, Merle C., and Craig W. Somerton. Thermodynamics for Engineers. 3rd ed. N.p.: McGraw-Hill Education, 2014. Print.
Yahya, S. M. Turbines Compressors and Fans. 4th ed. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education Pvt, 2011. Print.
Rao, Ashok D. Combined Cycle Systems for Near-zero Emission Power Generation. Oxford, UK: Woodhead Pub., 2012. Print.
Wang, Xurong, Ph.D., Jiangfeng Wang, Pan Zhao, Ph.D., and Yiping Dai. "Thermodynamic Comparison and Optimization of Supercritical
CO2 Brayton Cycles with a Bottoming Transcritical CO 2 Cycle." ASCE Library. ASCE, 7 July 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2016.
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.engglib.upd.edu.ph/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000292
Manente, Giovanni. "High Performance Integrated Solar Combined Cycles with Minimum Modifications to the Combined Cycle Power
Plant Design." ScienceDirect. Elsevier, 7 Jan. 2016. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.12.079
Barelli, Linda, and Andrea Ottaviano. "Supercharged Gas Turbine Combined Cycle: An Improvement in Plant Flexibility and Efficiency."
ScienceDirect. Elsevier, 2 Jan. 2015. Web. 23 Jan. 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.01.004
Ehaaei, Mehdi et.al. Optimization of Fog Inlet Air Cooling System for Combined Cycle Power Plants using Genetic Algorithm.
ScienceDirect. Elsevier, 22 Nov. 2014. Web. 23 Jan 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.11.032
Ibrahim, T. K., Rahman, M. M. Study on Effective Parameter of the Triple-Pressure Reheat Combined Cycle Performance. THERMAL
SCIENCE. N.p. n.d. 7 Feb 2016. http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0354-9836/2013/0354-98361100143I.pdf
Beer, Janos. High Efficiency Electric Power Generation; The Environmental Role. MIT Energy Initiative. Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 1967. Web. 7 Feb 2016. https://mitei.mit.edu/system/files/beer-combustion.pdf
Gjerde, Ed. Supplementary Firing of Gas Turbine Exhaust System ASME Digital Collection. Asme,1967. 10 Feb 2016.
http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org.ezproxy.engglib.upd.edu.ph/proceeding.aspx?articleid=2288605&resultClick=1
2/15/16