Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fatigue and Impact
Fatigue and Impact
On the Bridge!
Cyclic Stresses
Mean stress:
Stress range:
Stress amplitude:
Stress ratio:
Conditiona
1015
Normalized
4340
Tempered
1045
Q&T 306 F
1045
Q&T 500 F
1045
Q&T 600 F
4142
Q&T 400 F
4142
Q&T 600 F
4142
Q&T 700 F
4142
Q&T 840 F
Aluminum
1100
Annealed
2014
T6
2024
T351
5456
H311
7075
T6
Titanium
Ti-6Al-4V
Solution treated+aged
Nickel
Inconel X
Annealed
a Q&T - Quenched and tempered.
Yield
strength
Sy ,
MPa
Fracture
strength
f,
MPa
Fatigue
ductility
coeffic
i ent ,
f
Fatigue
strength
exponent,
a
Fatigue
ductility
exponent,
228
1172
1720
1275
965
1720
1340
1070
900
827
1655
2720
2275
1790
2650
2170
2000
1550
0.95
0.73
0.07
0.25
0.35
0.07
0.09
0.40
0.45
-0.110
-0.076
-0.055
-0.080
-0.070
-0.076
-0.081
-0.080
-0.080
-0.64
-0.62
-0.60
-0.68
-0.69
-0.76
-0.66
-0.73
-0.75
97
462
379
234
469
193
848
1103
724
1317
1.80
0.42
0.22
0.46
0.19
-0.106
-0.106
-0.124
-0.110
-0.126
-0.69
-0.65
-0.59
-0.67
-0.52
1185
2030
0.841
-0.104
-0.69
700
2255
1.16
-0.117
-0.75
Table 7.1: Cyclic properties of some metals. Source: After Shigley and Mitchell
[1983] and Suresh [1998].
Figure 7.4: Illustration of fatigue crack growth. (a) Size of a fatigue crack for two
different stress ratios as a function of the number of cycles; (b) rate of crack growth,
illustrating three regimes.
Fatigue Striations
Figure 7.5: Cross section of a fatigued section, showing fatigue striations or beachmarks
originating from a fatigue crack at B. Source: Rimnac, C., et al., in ASTM STP 918, Case
Histories Involving Fatigue and Fracture, copyright 1986, ASTM International. Reprinted
with permission.
Fatigue Fracture
Surfaces
Figure 7.8: Endurance limit as function of ultimate strength for wrought steels.
Source: Adapted from Shigley and Mitchell [1983].
Staircase Approach
Design Procedure 7.2: Staircase Approach
Table 7.2: Approximate endurance limit for various materials. Source: Adapted
from Juvinall and Marshek [1991].
where
Notch Sensitivity
Fatigue stress
concentration
factor:
Figure 7.10: Notch sensitivity as function of notch radius for several materials
and types of loading. Source: Adapted from Sines and Waisman [1959].
Manufacturing
process
Grinding
Machining or
cold drawing
Hot rolling
As forged
Factor e
MPa
ksi
1.58
1.34
4.51
2.70
57.7
272.0
14.4
39.9
Exponent f
-0.085
-0.265
-0.718
-0.995
Figure 7.11: Surface finish factors for steel. (a) As function of ultimate strength in
tension for different manufacturing processes; Source: (a) Adapted from Norton
[2011] and data from the American Iron and Steel Institute.
(b) As function of ultimate strength and surface roughness as measured with a
stylus profilometer. Source: (b) adapted from Johnson [1967].
Probability
of survival,
percent
50
90
95
99
99.9
99.99
Reliability
factor,
kr
1.00
0.90
0.87
0.82
0.75
0.70
Size Factor:
d depends on manufacturing
process, but one approach allows
estimation from the equivalent area
where the stress is above 95% of the
maximum stress:
Temperature Factor:
Figure 7.12: The use of shot peening to improve fatigue properties. (a) Fatigue strength
at 2 x 106 cycles for high-strength steel as a function of ultimate strength; (b) typical S-N
curves for non-ferrous metals. Source: Courtesy of J.~Champaigne, Electronics, Inc.
Haigh Diagram
Figure 7.15: A typical Haigh diagram showing constant life curves for different
combinations of mean and alternating stresses.
Goodman:
Soderberg:
Table 7.6: Failure equations and validity limits of equations for four regions of
complete modified Goodman relationship
Figure 7.18: Alternating stress ratio as function of mean stress ratio for axially
loaded cast iron.
Figure 7.19: Fatigue crack growth data for a variety of materials. (a) Selected
polymers in comparison to aluminum and steel; (b) selected metal alloys. {\it
Source:} From Bowman [2004].
Example 7.11
Figure 7.21: Diver impacting diving board, used in Example 7.11. (a) Side view;
(b) front view; (c) side view showing forces and coordinates.
D-Check
Figure 7.22: (a) Exterior view of Boeing 747-400 during a D check; (b) inspection
of landing gear component for structural integrity. Source: Courtesy of Lufthansa
Technik.