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Lipids and Its Metabolism Project
Lipids and Its Metabolism Project
Lipids and Its Metabolism Project
METABOLISM
LIPIDS
Compound that insoluble in water
TYPES OF LIPIDS
SATURATED FATS
Animal oil like meat, milk ,butter.
Vegetable oil like coconut and palm kernel oil.
POLYUNSATURATED FATS
Plan source like safflower , corn, cottonseed,
FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS
Excellent energy reserves
Stucture of cell membrane
Body thermal insulations
Essential fatty acids ( EFA)
Hormone synthesis
Fat soluble vitamin absorption
LIPID STRUCTURE
LIPIDS DISORDERS
LIPIDS DEFICIENCY (Shortage in
Lipids intake)
LIPIDS EXCEEDING (Overtaking in
Lipids intake)
LIPIDS DEFICIENCY
Fat should comprise of 3% of total calories
deficiency)
Hand tremors (Prostaglandin deficiency)
Inability to control blood pressure
LIPIDS EXCEEDING
Fat should comprise not more than
OVERVIEW IN LIPID
METABOLISM
The major aspects of lipid
CHOLESTEROL
Plant and animal food contain
NORMAL CHOLESTEROL
METABOLISM
Key concepts: synthesis
Primary synthetic sites are extrahepatic, but
NORMAL CHOLESTEROL
METABOLISM
Role of Bile Salts, cholesterol, phospholipids in gall
stone formation.
Importance of Bile Salts for cholesterol absorption
Key concepts: bile salt absorption
inhibitors
Bile acid binding compounds:
Welchol
Cholestyramine
Colestipol
Fiber
NORMAL TRIGLYCERIDE
METABOLISM
Key concepts: absorption
Triglyceride (i.e. energy) assimilation is key to
LIPOPROTEIN
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) is made
LIPOPROTEIN
An atherogenic lipoprotein
containing apo(a) and apoB.
Apo(a)
20-30% of people have levels
suggesting C-V risk.
LDL
Black subjects have Lp(a)
-S-Snormal range twice as high
as white and Asiatic subjects.
Apo(a) sequence similar to plasminogen, and Lp(a)
interferes with spontaneous thrombolysis.
Lp(a) levels highly genetic, resistant to diet and drug
therapy, although niacin may help.
LIPOPROTEIN
METABOLISM
Lipoproteins:
Separation by
Electrophoresis
Density
Size by
Electron Microscopy
DISTRIBUTION OF LIPOPROTEINS
ALONG A DENSITY
APOLIPOPROTEINS
apoA-I
apoA-II
apoA-IV
apoB100
apoB-48
apoC-I
apoC-II
apoC-III
apoE
PREVENTION OF LIPID
DISORDERS
Reduce fat
Cut down on high fat foods
E.g. butter, margarine, oil,
mayonnaise
Consume small amounts of
unsaturated fats
Do not eliminate fat completely
PREVENTION OF LIPID
DISORDERS
Limit added sugar and alcohol
Added sugar and alcohol are
empty calories
Watch portions of all food
fat free calorie-free
everyday
Water is calorie-free, refreshing,
and filling
PREVENTION OF LIPID
DISORDERS
Increase intake of
DIGESTION OF LIPIDS
1. Emulsification of Fats
Fatty acids can be liberated by simple
DIGESTION OF LIPIDS
surface area for rapid attack by digestive
DIGESTION OF LIPIDS
The bile salts such as cholic acid contain a
hydrophobic side and a
hydrophilic side, thus allowing bile salts to dissolve
at an oil-water interface, with the
hydrophobic surface in contact with the nonpolar
phase and the hydrophilic surface in the
aqueous medium. This detergent action emulsifies
fats and yields mixed micelles,
which allow attack by water-soluble digestive
enzymes and facilitate the absorption of
lipids through the intestinal mucosa.
DIGESTION OF LIPIDS
Mixed Micelles also serve as transport vehicles
for those lipids that are less water-soluble than
fatty acids, such as cholesterol or the
fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K. Thus,
efficient absorption of lipids depends on the
presence of sufficient bile acids to solubilize the
ingested lipids.
Categories of lipids
Fatty acids
Glycerolipids
Glycerophospholipids
Sphingolipids
Sterol lipids
Prenol lipids
Saccharolipids
FATTY ACIDS
Fatty acidsor fatty acid residues when they form part
FATTY ACIDS
. The carbon chain, typically between four and 24 carbons
GLYCEROPHOSPOLIPIDS
Glycerophospholipids, usually referred to
SPHINGOLIPIDS
Sphingolipidsare a complicated family of
STEROL LIPIDS
Sterol lipids, such ascholesteroland its derivatives,
are an important component of membrane
lipids,along with the glycerophospholipids and
sphingomyelins. Thesteroids, all derived from the
same fused four-ring core structure, have different
biological roles ashormonesandsignaling
molecules. The eighteen-carbon (C18) steroids
include the estrogenfamily whereas the C19
steroids comprise theandrogenssuch
astestosteroneandandrosterone. The C21
subclass includes theprogestogensas well as
theglucocorticoidsandmineralocorticoids.
STEROL LIPIDS
Thesecosteroids, comprising various forms
PHENOL LIPIDS
Prenollipids are synthesized from the five-carbon-
unit precursorsisopentenyl
diphosphateanddimethylallyl diphosphatethat
are produced mainly via themevalonic acid(MVA)
pathway.The simple isoprenoids (linear alcohols,
diphosphates, etc.) are formed by the successive
addition of C5 units, and are classified according
to number of these terpeneunits. Structures
containing greater than 40 carbons are known as
polyterpenes.Carotenoidsare important simple
isoprenoids that function asantioxidantsand as
precursors ofvitamin A.
PHENOL LIPIDS
Another biologically important class of
molecules is exemplified by
thequinonesandhydroquinones, which
contain an isoprenoid tail attached to a
quinonoid core of non-isoprenoid
origin.]Vitamin E andvitamin K, as well as
theubiquinones, are examples of this class.
Prokaryotes synthesize polyprenols (called
bactoprenols) in which the terminal isoprenoid
unit attached to oxygen remains unsaturated,
whereas in animal polyprenols (dolichols) the
terminal isoprenoid is reduced
SACCHAROLIPIDS
Saccharolipids describe compounds in which fatty
SACCHAROLIPIDS
Typical lipidA molecules
PROJECT IN BIOCHEMISTRY
PREPARED BY :
DREZA MAE A. DOMINGO
EARL VAN ERIC GILTENDEZ
BS PHARMACY ll
SUBMITTED TO :
SIR. JORGE PETER A. TINAYA RPh.