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"Seminar On ": Optical Fiber
"Seminar On ": Optical Fiber
SEMINAR ON
OPTICAL
FIBER
Submitted to:-
Submitted by:-
Contents
Optical fibre
Basic physics of OFC
Merits & Demerits of OFC
Nomenclature of OFC
Absorption & attenuation
Jointing & termination of OFC
Optical sources & Detectors
FBG & Applications
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OPTICAL FIBER
OFC have Fibres which are long, thin strands made with
pure glass about the diameter of a human hair
At some angle, known as the critical angle c, light traveling from a higher
refractive index medium to a lower refractive index medium will be refracted at
90 i.e. refracted along the interface.
If the light hits the interface at any angle larger than this critical angle, it will
not pass through to the second medium at all. Instead, all of it will be reflected
back into the first medium, a process known as total internal reflection
Incident angle
=
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Optical fiber's
Numerical Aperture(NA)
Multimode optical fiber
will only propagate light
that enters the fiber
within a certain cone,
known as the acceptance
cone of the fiber. The halfangle of this cone is called
the acceptance angle
max. For step-index
multimode fiber, the
acceptance angle is
determined only by the
indices of refraction:
Where
n is the refractive index of the medium light is
traveling before entering the fiber
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nf is the refractive index of the fiber core
nc is the refractive index of the cladding
Medium / Link
Carrier
Information Capacity
Copper Cable
1 MHz
1 Mbps
(short distance)
Coaxial Cable
100 MHz
(Repeater every 4.5 km)
UHF Link
2 GHz
MW Link
7 GHz
OFC
1550 nm
20 Tbps (Possible)
Frequency Vs Attenuation In
Various Types of Cable
More
information
carrying
capacity
fibbers can
handle
much
higher data
rates than
copper.
More
information
can be sent
in a second
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Limitations of OFC
1 for STM-1
4 for STM-4
16 for STM-16
64 for STM-64
L.16.2 & L.16.3 Long haul STM-16 link on 1550 nm fibre (G.652 &
G.653)
b). 1250 nm
c). 1380 nm
dB/km
splicing
1.Fusion Splicing Fusion splicing provides a fast, reliable, low-loss, fibreto-fibre connection by creating a homogenous joint
between the two fibre ends.
The fibres are melted or fused together by heating the
fibre ends, typically using an electric arc.
Fusion splices provide a high-quality joint with the
lowest loss (in the range of 0.01 dB to 0.10 dB for singlemode fibres) and are practically non-reflective.
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2. Mechanical Splicing Mechanical splicing is of slightly higher losses (about 0.2 db)
and less-reliable performance
System operators use mechanical splicing for emergency
restoration because it is fast, inexpensive, and easy.
Mechanical splices are reflective and non-homogenous
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b). Basics about connectors Fibre optic connector facilitates re-mateable connection i.e.
disconnection /
reconnection of fibre
Connectors are used in applications where Flexibility is required in
routing an
optical signal from lasers to receivers
Reconfiguration is necessary
Termination of cables is required
Connector
consists
of 4 parts:
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BAJIYA
Ferrule
Connector body
Optical sources
An optical source is a major component of optical transmitters. Fiber
optic communication systems often use semiconductor optical
sources such as Light emitting diodes ( LEDs) and semiconductor
lasers.
Some of the advantages are:
Compact in size
High efficiency
Good reliability
Right wavelength range
Small emissive area compatible with fibre core dimensions
Possibility of direct emulation at relatively high frequencies
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Optical Detectors
The role of an optical receiver is to convert the optical signal
back into electrical signal and recover the data transmitted
through the optical fibre communication system. Its vital
component is a photo detector that converts light into
electricity through the photoelectric effect.
Some the advantages are:
high sensitivity
fast response
low noise
low cost
high reliability
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FBG and
Applications
The Filter that Bragg Grading
Fiber Grating
Glass core
Glass cladding
Plastic jacket
When the grating period is half of the input light wavelength, this
wavelength signal will be reflected coherently to make a large
reflection.
trans.
in
reflect
Reflection spectrum
Transmission spectrum
n
r = 2neff
Creating Gratings on
Fiber
One common way to make gratings on fiber is using Phase Mask
for UV-light to expose on the fiber core.
Characteristics of FBG
Temperature Impact on
FBG
The fiber gratings is generally sensitive to temperature change
(10pm/C) mainly due to thermo-optic effect of glass.
Athermal packaging technique has to be used to compensate the
temperature drift
1 5 3 5 .2
C e n te r W a v e l e n g t h (n m )
1 5 3 5 .0
1 5 3 4 .8
1 5 3 4 .6
1 5 3 4 .4
1 5 3 4 .2
At hermal
1 5 3 4 .0
Normal
1 5 3 3 .8
-5 NIWAS BAJIYA
RAM
15
35
Temp erature ( )
55
75
CHARACTERS
APPLICATIONS
Simple reflective
gratings
Long period
gratings
Chirped fiber
Bragg gratings
Slanted fiber
gratings
H2
loading
Increase
photo
sensitivity
for easier
laser
writing
Laser
writing
Optical
alignment &
appropriate
laser writing
condition
Annealing
Enhance
grating
stability
Athermal
packaging
For
temperature
variation
compensation
Testing
Spec test
Current Applications of
FBG
FBG as Sensor
Wave locker
compensation filter
E/O
Dispersion
Multiplexer control
EDFA
OADM
Demux
EDFA
Switch
Monitor
FBG at 1
Circulator
FBG at 2
Circulator
Circulator
Circulator
FBG at 3
...
Multiplexer
Circulator
1, 2 n
FBG at 1
1
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De-multiplexer
FBG at 2
FBG at 3
...
Incoming signal
Outgoing signal
Through signal
Circulator
Circulator
FBG
Dropped signal
Added signal
Dispersion
Compensation Filter
circulator
Dispersed
pulse
Chirped FBG
Fiber
Pump Laser
Focal lens
980
spectrum
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980 Stabilizer
Gain profile
15
GFF profile
G a in (d B )
10
Output
5
0
-5
-1 0
-1 5
1500
1520
1540
1560
W a v e le n g th (n m )
RAM NIWAS BAJIYA
1580
1600