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Chapter 11
Chapter 11
Chapter 11
Introduction
By 1896, there were concrete and objective
conditions in the economy, society, and
governance that justified revolution at the
time of the Katipunan. The people, however,
were not totally united. The wealthy and
educated class was divided on the issue of
independence and the use of force to obtain
it. It was the masses , mostly the poor, less
educated, and illiterate, led by the Katipunan,
who were ready.
Cry of Pugadlawin
A Spaniard born in the Philippines, Francisco L. Roxas , who considered
this country as his own, was asked by Andres Bonifacio to help finance the
Katipunan. He rejected the offer and got angry and threatened to tell it to
the police.
On August 23 1896, Bonifacio, Jacinto and other Katipuneros met at
Bahay Toro, Pugadlawin, Balintawak, north of Manila and gathered at
the residence of Melchora Aquino, known as Tandang Sora Mother of
Katipunan.
In the mass meeting held in the yard of Juan A. Ramos, son of Tandang
Sora, the Katipuneros tore their cedulas personales (certificates) the
symbol of the Filipino vassalage to Spain at the same time shouting Long
live the Philippines! Long live the Katipunan!. This event is known as the
Cry of Pugadlawin. It symbolized the determination of Filipinos to fight
for independence even unto death.
Martial Law
In the afternoon of August 30, Governor General
Ramon Blanco, in trying to quell the Philippine
Revolution, issued a decree declaring a state of war
on Manila and seven Luzon provinces Cavite,
Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija
and Tarlac and placed them in martial law. The
decree also provided that those who would surrender
within 48 hours after the publication of the decree
would be pardoned except the leaders of Katipunan.
This policy, known as Blancos policy of attraction,
was intended to win over the Filipinos to the side of
the government and thus, end rebellion.
Persecution Continues
Series of executions by the government
began after the proclamation of a state of
war. Blanco inaugurated a reign of terror in
the belief that this would stop the rebellion.
On September 4, four members of the
Katipunan were executed at Bagumbayan.
On September 12, thirteen were put to death
at Plaza de Armas, near the Fort of San
Felipe in Cavite and are now as Los Trece
Martires (The Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite)
Thirteen Martyrs of
Cavite
1. Maximo Inocencio
2. Luis Aguado
3. Victoriano Luciano
4. Hugo Perez
5. Jose Llana
8. Feliciano Cabuco
9. Maximo Gregorio
Rizals Execution
Rizal was arrested while on his way to Cuba to serve as doctor
for the Spanish army. On November 20, Dr. Jose Rizal appeared
before Colonel Francisco Garcia Olive to answer the charges
filed against him. Rizal defended himself with the help of Spanish
military lawyer, Luis Taviel de Andrade. By December 26, the
litigation of Rizal took place before a military court. Two days
after, Governor General Camilo Polavieja approved the verdict.
Convicted of sedition, rebellion, and illicit associations, Rizal was
executed by a firing squad at Bagumbayan Field on December
30, 1896 at 7:03 a.m. Eight Filipino soldiers with eight Spanish
soldiers behind them carried out the execution. His execution did
not dishearten the revolutionists: on the contrary, they resolved to
fight to the bitter end. Rizals execution, in fact, emboldened the
Filipinos to fight for their country and its independence.
Tejeros Convention
The Tejeros Convention was the meeting held between the Magdiwang and
Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite on
March 22, 1897. Bonifacio secured the unanimous approval that the decision
would not be questioned. Daniel Tirona, a Caviteo objected Bonifacios post
should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma just like
Bonifacio. He suggested a Caviteo lawyer, Jose del Rosario, for the position.
Bonifacio, clearly insulted, demanded that Tirona retract the remark. When
Tirona made to leave instead, Bonifacio drew a pistol and was about to fire at
Tirona, but stopped when Ricarte tried to disarm him. Bonifacio then voided the
convention as Supremo of the Katipunan. This the result of the election:
Position
Name
President
Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice-President
Mariano Tras
Captain-General
Artemio Ricarte
Director of War
Director
Interior
of
Another Meeting at
Tejeros
On March 23, Bonifacio and Ricarte and many others met
at the same place. They agreed to issue a document
which would put on record what happened in the election
that was held the previous day. The document was called
Acta de Tejeros (Minutes of Tejeros) . However the report
on the proceedings of the convention contained a
resolution. Hence, it should be rightly called the Tejeros
Resolution. In this document, they gave their reasons for
rejecting the results of the previous days election and
establishment of government. This document was signed
by Bonifacio and 44 other plotters. The main reason they
cited was the fraud committed by the Magdalo people.
After signing the resolution, the men followed to Naik.
Execution of Andres
Bonifacio
Bonifacio, his wife, his two brothers and some followers,
left for the town of Indang and settled in the barrio of
Limbon. Meanwhile, Aguinaldo sent an emissary with
some soldiers to persuade Bonifacio to recognize the
Tejeros election results. Colonel Agapito Bonzon, who
headed the party to contact Bonifacio, used forced on
Bonifacio and his brothers . As a result, Bonifacio and
his brothers fought back. His brother, Ciriaco, was killed
in the skirmish and Bonifacio himself was wounded on
the neck and on the left arm. He was captured and
brought to the municipal building of Indang. Later he was
transferred to Maragondon, where he was tried for
treason.
Execution of Andres
Bonifacio
The military court that tried Bonifacio was
composed of men who were hostile to him.
Without strong evidence, the military court
pronounced Bonifacio and his brother
Procopio, guilty of treason. They were
sentenced to be shot to death. On May 10,
1897, Major Lazaro Macapagal took the
prisoners from their prison cells and brought
them to Mount Tala, where the Bonifacio
brothers were executed.
Government of Central
Luzon
Governor General Camilo de Polavieja who
succeded Governor General Ramon Blanco in
December 1896., grew tired of fighting the
Filipinos who grew tired of fighting the Filipinos
who refused to surrender. His health failed him
so he asked to be relieved. His successor was
Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera,
who had served previously as Governor-General
of the country. He took the personal charge of
he military campaign against the rebels.
Government of Central
Luzon
Aguinaldo trying to escape captivity, he
headed for the hilly parts of Morong (Rizal
Province). With 500 armed faithful men,
Aguinaldo walked the distance to San
Juan del Monte and Montalban and on to
Mount Puray. From here, he and his men
walked all the way to Biak-na-Bato, in San
Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan, where he
established his headquarters.
Vice President
Anastacio Francisco
Cipriano Pacheco
Teodoro Gonzales
Secretary of Welfare
Feliciano Jocson
Biak-na-Bato Republic
Before July or early in July, Aguinaldo
established a republican government at Biakna-Bato called the Biak-na-Bato Republic.
He ordered Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho
to prepare a constitution for this republic.
They copied, word for word the Cuban
Constitution of Jimaguayu, except for one
article. The Constitution, in its Preamble,
declared the aim of the Revolution as the
separation of the Philippines from Spain.
Biak-na-Bato Republic
Not found in Jimaguayu Constitution, Article
VIII provided that Tagalog shall be the official
language of the Republic. The Constitution
was approved on November 1. The following
day, these officers were elected:
Position
Name
President
Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice President
Mariano Trias
Antonio Montenegro
Isabelo Artacho
Secretary of War
Baldomero Aguinaldo
3.
End of Chapter 11
Thank You for
listening!
Presented by:
Jamal Banto II-BSA