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Chap12 Sec4
Chap12 Sec4
VECTORS AND
THE GEOMETRY OF SPACE
12.4
The Cross Product
In this section, we will learn about:
Cross products of vectors
and their applications.
Definition 1
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
DETERMINANT OF ORDER 2
a b
ad bc
c d
For example,
2 1
2(4) 1(6) 14
6 4
DETERMINANT OF ORDER 3
Equation 2
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b2
b3 a1
c2
c3
b3
b1 b3
b1 b2
a2
a3
c3
c1 c3
c1 c2
DETERMINANT OF ORDER 3
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b2
b3 a1
c2
c3
b3
b1 b3
b1 b2
a2
a3
c3
c1 c3
c1 c2
Observe that:
Each term on the right side of Equation 2 involves
a number ai in the first row of the determinant.
This is multiplied by the second-order determinant
obtained from the left side by deleting the row and
column in which it appears.
DETERMINANT OF ORDER 3
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b2
b3 a1
c2
c3
b3
b1 b3
b1 b2
a2
a3
c3
c1 c3
c1 c2
DETERMINANT OF ORDER 3
For example,
2 1
5 4
1 1
2
0 1
4 2
5 2
(1)
5 4
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
Equation 3
a2
b2
a3
a1
b3
b1
a3
a1
b3
b1
a2
b2
CROSS PRODUCT
Equation 4
a1
b1
a2
b2
a3
b3
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
Example 1
1 3
2 7 5
7 5
2 5
1 3
2 7
(15 28) (5 8) (7 6)
43 13
CROSS PRODUCT
Example 2
a1
a1
a2 a3
a2 a3
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
Theorem
CROSS PRODUCT
Proof
CROSS PRODUCT
Proof
( )
a2
a3
b2
b3
a1
a1
a3
b1
b3
a2
a1
a2
b1
b2
a3
CROSS PRODUCT
Proof
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
RIGHT-HAND RULE
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
Theorem 6
CROSS PRODUCT
Proof
CROSS PRODUCT
Proof
CROSS PRODUCT
Proof
0 , we have:
|a x b| = |a||b| sin
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
Corollary 7
CROSS PRODUCT
Proof
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
Example 3
CROSS PRODUCT
Example 3
uuur uuu
r
The vector PQ PR is perpendicular to
uuu
r
uuur
both PQ and PR .
Therefore, it is perpendicular to the plane
through P, Q, and R.
CROSS PRODUCT
Example 3
uuur
PQ (2 1) (5 4) (1 6)
3 7
uuu
r
PR (1 1) (1 4) (1 6)
5 5
CROSS PRODUCT
Example 3
uuur uuu
r
PQ PR 3 1 7
0 5 5
(5 35) (15 0) (15 0)
40 15 15
CROSS PRODUCT
Example 3
CROSS PRODUCT
Example 4
CROSS PRODUCT
Example 4
uuur uuu
r
PQ PR 40, 15,15
uuur uuu
r
2
2
2
PQ PR (40) (15) 15 5 82
CROSS PRODUCT
Example 4
82
CROSS PRODUCT
jxk=i
kxi=j
j x i = -k
k x j = -i i x k = -j
CROSS PRODUCT
Observe that:
ixjjxi
Thus, the cross product
is not commutative.
CROSS PRODUCT
Also,
i x (i x j) = i x k = -j
However,
(i x i) x j = 0 x j = 0
So, the associative law for multiplication
does not usually hold.
That is, in general, (a x b) x c a x (b x c)
CROSS PRODUCT
CROSS PRODUCT
Theorem 8
3. a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c
Theorem 8
4. (a + b) x c = a x c + b x c
5. a (b x c) = (a x b) c
6. a x (b x c) = (a c)b (a b)c
Let
a = <a1, a2, a3>
b = <b1, b2, b3>
c = <c1, c2, c3>
Proof
ProofEquation 9
Then,
a (b x c) = a1(b2c3 b3c2) + a2(b3c1 b1c3)
+ a3(b1c2 b2c1)
= a1b2c3 a1b3c2 + a2b3c1 a2b1c3
+ a3b1c2 a3b2c1
= (a2b3 a3b2)c1 + (a3b1 a1b3)c2
+ (a1b2 a2b1)c3
=(a x b) c
Equation 10
a1
( ) b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
Formula 11
V = |a (b x c)|
COPLANAR VECTORS
COPLANAR VECTORS
Example 5
COPLANAR VECTORS
Example 5
( ) 2 1 4
0 9 18
1
9 18
0 18
2 1
0 9
COPLANAR VECTORS
Example 5
TORQUE
TORQUE
TORQUE
TORQUE
TORQUE
Example 6
TORQUE
Example 6
TORQUE
Example 6