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Chapter 3 - Oscillator
Chapter 3 - Oscillator
Applications:
high-frequency carrier supplies
pilot supplies
clocks
timing circuits
Two Kinds:
free-running oscillators
1. self-sustaining require no external input other than a dc supply voltage
2. continuous
3. repetitive
triggered or one-shot
1. not self-sustaining
+
Subtractor
V2
Voltage
amplifier
V
3
Vout
(Aol)
V4
Feedback
Network
()
Aol
Vi
Acl
2 Kinds of Oscillators
1. Untuned
Ex. Wien-bridge
untuned RC phase shift oscillators that uses both positive and negative feedback
low-frequency (5 Hz to 1 MHz)
used by HP in their original signal generator design
At fo:
R = Xc
- 45o phase shift across Z1
+ 45o phase shift across Z2
--------00 total phase shift across the lead-lad
network
At f < fo : phase shift across the network leads
At f > fo : phase shift across the network lags
At extremely low frequency: no output since C1 open circuit
At extremely high frequency: no output since C2 short circuit
Therefore lead-lag network( voltage divider) is:
frequency selective
maximum output voltage at fo
transfer function,
fo
Z2
1
Z1 Z 2 3
1
2RC
with
R1 R2
R R1 R2
and
and
C1 C2
C C1 C2
at fo
at
Ri
Aol 3
Vo
Vin
At f o
1
3
1
1
3
fo
1
2 LC
at
Q 10
Examples:
1. Hartley Oscillator
amplification for
1
Q is the quiescentAvoperating
point of
Cc transistors
coupling capacitor
Q1
here
L L1a L1b
C C1
2. Colpitts Oscillator
same as Hartley except that a capacitive divider is used instead of a tapped coil
C1a
C1a C1b
fo
1
2 LC
where
and
L L1
C
C1aC1b
C1a C1b
3. Clapp Oscillator
- same with Colpitts except the addition of a small Cs
placed in series with L1
- for large reactance
- in determining the frequency of the tank circuit
- advantage: choose C1a and C1b for optimum feedback
Cs setting the frequency of oscillation
Frequency Stability
- ability of an oscillator to remain at a fixed frequency
2 Kinds:
1. short-term affected by fluctuations in dc operating voltages
2. long term affected by component aging, temperature and humidity
measured in terms of percentage of change in frequency from the
desired
Ex. value
f o 100kHz 5%
95kHz f 105kHz
for commercial FM broadcast station frequency stability/tolerance is 2kHz
or 0.002% tolerance
for commercial AM broadcast station 20 Hz
Factors affecting frequency stability of an oscillator
1. changes in L, C and R due to temperature and humidity
2. changes in Q of transistors and FET
3. AC ripple in dc power supplies
To solve frequency instability, use crystal oscillators instead of LC tank
fo
Crystal Cuts
3 sets of axes:
1. optical z axis
2. electrical x axis
3. mechanical y axis
different crystal cuts results to different frequency
h
65.5
where h = crystal thickness (inches)
fn
fn
Temperature Coefficient
f k f n xC
where
C
and
f o f n f
where
fo
freq. of operation