Database System

Architecture
Instructor:

Kamran Dahri
Lecturer, IICT

Introduction
DBMSs do not all conform to the same
architecture
The three-level architecture forms the basis
of modern database architectures.
this is in agreement with the ANSI/SPARC
study group on Database Management
Systems.
ANSI/SPARC is the American National
Standards Institute/Standard Planning and
Requirement Committee).

3 Levels of Architecture
The internal level (also known as the physical
level) is the one closest to physical storage. i.e. it
is the one concerned with the way data is
physically stored;
The External level (also known as the user
logical level) is the one closest to the users. i.e. it
is the one concerned with the way the data is
seen by individual users.
The conceptual level (also known as the
community logical level, or sometimes just the
logical level) is a level of indirection between the
other two.

3 Levels of Architecture

Above the figure showing 3 level architecture of database system

Detailed System
architecture

Mappings
The conceptual/internal mapping
defines the correspondence between
the conceptual view and the stored
database;
It defines how conceptual records and
fields are represented at the internal
level.
If the change is made to the structure
definition- then the conceptual/internal
mapping must be changed accordingly.

Mapping
An external/conceptual mapping
defines the correspondence between
a particular external view and the
conceptual view.
For example, fields can have different
data types; fields and names can be
changes; several conceptual fields can
be combined into a single (virtual)
external field; and so on.

The Database Administrator

Tasks performed by DBA;
Defining the conceptual schema
Defining the internal schema
Defining the security and integrity constraints
Defining dump and reload policies
Monitoring performance and responding to change
requirements

DBMS
The database management system
(DBMS) is the software that:
handles all access to the database
is responsible for applying the
authorization checks and validation
procedures

Database Management System

Conceptually what happens is:
1.A user issues an access request, using some
particular DML.
2.The DBMS intercepts the request and interprets
it.
3.The DBMS inspects in turn the external schema,
the external/conceptual mapping, the conceptual
schema, the conceptual internal mapping, and
the storage structure definition.
4.The DBMS performs the necessary operations on
the stored database.

Function of DBMS
Data Definition
DBMS must be able to accept data definitions
(external schemas, the conceptual schema,
the internal schema and all associated
mappings) in source form and convert them
to the appopriate object form.

Data Manipulations
The DBMS must be able to handle request to
retrieve, update or delete existing data in the
database or to add new data to the database.

Functions of DBMS

Optimization and execution

Data security and integrity
Data recovery and concurrency
Data dictionary (metadata or
descriptors)
Performance

Reading Assignment
What is DDL and What is DML?
What is DDL compiler ? What is DML
Compiler?