BASIC

ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
Fall 20 15
I ns tru cto r: Dr. Has sa n D aw ood

Course Contents
Inductance, capacitance, fundamental circuit laws, electric
charge, electric current, potential difference and voltage,
electric power and energy, introduction to node voltage and
loop current methods.
Current and voltage values for sinusoidal signal waveforms,
phasor methods and their applications to simple A.C. circuits,
Power and reactive power, maximum power conditions.
Magnetic effects of electric current, magnetic circuit concepts,
magnetically induced voltages, self and mutual inductance,
introduction to transformers.

Assessment Module
Surprise Quizzes (10%)
Assignments (10%)
Lab Sessions + Class Participation (20%)
Mid. Exam (20%)
Final Exam (40%)

Books
TEXT BOOK
Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis (J David Irwin
Nelms)

Reference Books
J.W.Nilsson, S.A.Riedel, Electric circuits, Prentice Hall

and Mark

Important!
Misbehave is not acceptable.
No attendance (max 5 min after the start of class).
Classroom proxy is strictly prohibited.
Eatable are not allowed in the class.
Office hours:

Friday 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm

@CPED
Don't make excuses, make good.
Elbert Hubbard

Electric circuit
Electric circuit
An inter- connection of electrical components.

An electric circuit is essentially a pipeline that facilitates the

transfer of charge from one point to another.

Three Measurements
of Electricity
Voltage

Volt (V)

Current

Ampere (A)

Resistance
Power

Ohm ()
Watt(W)

Voltage
Voltage (also called the electromotive force, or potential)
between two points in a circuit as the difference in energy level
of a unit charge located at each of the two points.
If a unit positive charge is moved between two points, the
energy required to move it is the difference in energy level
between the two points and is the defined voltage.
Unit:

dw
v
dq

voltage [v(t) or V] is measured in volts (V) and 1 volt is 1 joule

per coulomb; that is, 1 volt=1 joule per coulomb=1 newton
meter per coulomb.

Current
The time rate of change of charge constitutes an electric
current.
OR
Charges in motion represent a current.
Unit:
The basic unit of current is the ampere (A), and 1 ampere is 1
coulomb per second.

Power
The time rate of change of energy or power measured in joules
per second, or watts (W).

If the sign of the power is positive, power is being absorbed by

the element; if the sign is negative, power is being supplied by
the element.

Prefix
Giga (G) 109
Mega (M) 106
Kilo (K) 103
Centi (c) 10-2
Milli (m) 10-3
Micro () 10-6
Nano (n) 10-9
Pico (p) 10-12

Conventional current flow:

Alternating current (ac) and

Direct current (dc)

Voltage
voltage (also called the electromotive force, or potential)
between two points in a circuit as the difference in energy level
of a unit charge located at each of the two points.
Voltage is very similar to a gravitational force.
1 volt=1 joule per coulomb=1 newton meter per coulomb

Power

Symbol

has a unit of Watt

P = VI
+

Absorb power

V
+

I
Generate power

Negative Voltage and Current

+
2 volts

Same as

-2 volts

1A

-1 A
Same as

Symbol
Independent
Voltage
Source

Independent
Current
Source

Resistor

Electric wire

Ground

Flashlight circuit.

Flashlight circuit with

voltages and current.

Voltagecurrent relationships for (a)

energy absorbed and (b) energy supplied.

Determine
whether
the
element
is
absorbing or supplying power and how
much

Determine the amount of power absorbed

or supplied by the elements?

Determine the unknown voltage or

current?

Determine the unknown variables

independent and dependent

current and voltage sources
Electric circuits broadly classified as being either active or
passive.
Whether they supply or absorb energy.
An active element is capable of generating energy.
A passive element cannot generate energy.

Active elements
Independent voltage source
Independent current source
Two dependent voltage sources
Two dependent current sources

Independent voltage source

Independent current source

Example

Find the power that is absorbed or

supplied by the elements

Four different types of dependent

sources.

Determine the outputs

Determine the power supplied by the

dependent sources

Tellegens theorem
The sum of the powers absorbed by all elements in an
electrical network is zero.

Calculate the power absorbed by each element

in the network. Also verify that Tellegens
theorem is satisfied by this network.

Use Tellegens theorem to find the current

I0

Find the power that is absorbed or

supplied by the circuit elements in the
network

Find the power that is absorbed or

supplied by the circuit elements in the
network

Find Ix in Fig using Tellegens theorem.

Lecture 2
Ohms Law
Ohms law states that the voltage across a resistance is directly
proportional to the current flowing through it.
The resistance, measured in ohms, is the
proportionality between the voltage and current.

constant

of

Conductance
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.

The unit of conductance is the siemens.

1 S=1 A/V

Short-circuit and open-circuit

descriptions

Determine the current and the

power absorbed by the resistor.

Find (a) the current I and the power absorbed by

the resistor in Fig. a, and (b) the voltage across the
current source and the power supplied by the
source in Fig. b.

Find (a) R and VS in the circuit in Fig. a,

and (b) find I and R in the circuit in Fig. b.

The power absorbed by Gx in Fig. is 50

mW. Find Gx.

Kirchhoffs Laws
Kirchhoff Current Law
Kirchhoff Voltage Law
Some important concepts.
Node
Loop
Branch.

Node
A node is simply a point of connection of two or more circuit
elements.
If we start at some point in the circuit and move along perfect
conductors in any direction until we encounter a circuit
element, the total path we cover represents a single node.

Loop
A loop is simply any closed path through the circuit in which no
node is encountered more than once.

Branch
A branch is a portion of a circuit containing only a single
element and the nodes at each end of the element.

Circuit used to illustrate KCL.

Kirchhoffs current law (KCL)

Kirchhoffs current law (KCL), which states that the algebraic
sum of the currents entering any node is zero.
Mathematical form Of KCL is:

Charges can- not be stored at a node.(Physics)

Find the unknown currents in the network

write the KCL equations for the circuit

shown in Fig.

Given the networks in Fig. , find (a) I1 in

Fig. a and (b) IT in Fig. b

Find (a) I1 in the network in Fig. a and (b)

I1 and I2 in the circuit in Fig. b.

Find the current ix in the circuits in Fig.

Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL)

KVL states that the algebraic sum of the voltages around any
loop is zero.
The mathematical representation of Kirchhoffs voltage law is

Equivalent forms for labeling

voltage.

If VR1 and VR2 are known quantities, let us

find VR3 .

Let us demonstrate that only two of the

three possible loop equations are linearly
independent.

Let us apply KVL to determine the voltage

between two points. Specifically, in terms of
the double-subscript notation, let us find V ae
and Vec.

Write the KVL equations for the two closed paths

abda
and
bcdb.

Find IX and I1 in Fig.

Find Vad and Veb in the network in Fig.

Find Vad and Veb in the network in Fig.

Single-loop circuit.

R1 is a variable resistor such as the volume

control for a radio or television set.
Suppose that VS = 9V,R1 = 90k,and R2 =
30k.

Multiple-source/Resistor networks

Equivalent circuits.

Find I, Vbd, and the power absorbed by the

30-k resistor. Finally, let us use voltage
division to find Vbc.

Find the voltage at the sending end load

of the line and the power loss in the line.

Single-Loop Circuits
Problem-Solving Strategy

Find I and Vbd in the circuit in Fig.

Current Division
Simple parallel circuit.

Fig.a. let us find I1, I2, and Vo.

Determine the power absorbed by the

speakers

Find the currents I1 and I2 and the power

absorbed by the 40-k resistor in the
network in Fig

MULTIPLE-SOURCE/RESISTOR
NETWORKS

Equivalent circuits.

Find the current in the 12-k load resistor

Single-Node-Pair Circuits
Problem-Solving Strategy

Find the power absorbed by the 6-k

resistor in the network in Fig.

Series and Parallel Resistor Combinations

Resistances in Series
RS =R1 +R2 ++RN

Resistances in parallel

Determine the resistance at terminals A-B

in the network

Find the equivalent resistance at the terminals

A-B in the network in Fig.

Simplifying Resistor Combinations

Find the equivalent resistance at the

terminals A-B in the circuit in Fig

Find RAB
in Fig.

Given the circuit in Fig. and I4 = 12 mA,

let us find the source voltage Vo.

Find Vo in the network

Find Is in the circuit

Find V1 in the circuit.

Wye Delta Transformations

Find the source current IS.

Determine the total resistance RT in the

circuit

Find V0

Circuit with dependent

sources

Determine the voltage Vo in the circuit

Find the voltage V0?

Find the voltage V0?

Find Voltage Vo?

Assignment of Chapter Two

Exercise questions from 2.10 to 2.124.
All even Question numbers
However for you mid exam you have to prepare all the
questions.
Deadline to submit the assignment
Next week 21-12-2015 before lecture

Chapter 3

NODAL AND LOOP ANALYSIS

TECHNIQUES

Nodal Analysis
One node is selected as the reference node, and all other node
voltages are defined with respect to that node.
It is commonly called ground because it is said to be at
ground-zero potential

Circuit used to illustrate Ohms law in a

multiple-node network.

 Exactly N - 1 linearly independent KCL equations are required

to determine the N - 1 unknown node voltages.

CIRCUITS CONTAINING ONLY

INDEPENDENT CURRENT SOURCES

Chapter 4

Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers
Why are they called operational amplifiers?
Op-amp was designed to perform mathematical operations such as
addition, subtraction, differentiation, and integration.

Applications of Op-amp
low voltage, high voltage, micro- power, high speed, high current,
and so on.

LM324 quad op-amp

 Pins 3 and 2 are the input pins, IN 1+ and IN 1-, and are called
the noninverting and inverting inputs, respectively.

Amplification requires power that is provided by the dc voltage

sources connected to pins 4 and 11, called VCC and VEE,
respectively.
Where all voltages are measured with respect to ground and
Ao is the gain of the op-amp.

 When IN+ increases, so will Vo. However, if IN- increases, then

Vo will decreasehence the names noninverting and inverting
inputs.
Traditionally, VCC is a positive dc voltage with respect to
ground, and VEE is either a negative voltage or ground itself.

A simple model for the gain

characteristics of an op-amp.

VS and RTh1 model the driving circuit,

while the load is modeled by RL

 The ideal scenario requires that Ao be infinity, Ri be infinity,

and Ro be zero, yielding a large overall gain of Ao.
Effect of power supplies on performance
Each op-amp has minimum and maximum supply ranges over which
the op-amp is guaranteed to function.
For proper operation, the input and output voltages are limited to no
more than the sup- ply voltages.

Example 1
We wish to deter- mine (a) if the op-amp circuit is linear and (b)
the circuits gain.

Unity gain buffer

Ideal model for the op-amp

Since Ri is extremely large, the input currents to the op-amp
are approximately zero (i.e., i+ L i- L 0)
if the output voltage is to remain bounded, then as the gain
becomes very large and approaches infinity
the voltage across the input terminals must simultaneously
become infinitesimally small so that as Ao S q ,v + - v- S 0(i.e.
v+ - v- = 0 or v+ = v-)
The ground terminal shown on the op-amp is necessary for
signal current return

Ideal model for the op-amp

Example

Problem-Solving Strategy

Example

Example

Example

 The v+ v 0 constraint can be applied only if the Op Amp

is not saturated and the feedback is negative; that is, the net
feedback signal comes from the output back to the negative
input terminal.

Chapter 5

Additional Analysis
Techniques

In this chapter we will learn

Linearity
Superposition
Thevenin theorem
Norton theorem
Maximum power transfer theorem

EQUIVALENCE

EQUIVALENCE

Linearity
Linearity holds both homogeneity and additivity property.
Determine the output voltage Vout

Use linearity and the assumption that Io = 1 mA

to compute the correct current Io in the circuit in
Fig. E5.1 if I = 6 mA.(Learning Assessment)

Find Vo in the network using linearity and

the assumption that Vo = 1 V.

Superposition
Superposition theorem states that,
In any linear circuit containing multiple independent
sources, the current or voltage at any point in the
network may be calculated as algebraic sum of the
individual contributions of each source acting alone.

 Determine the contribution due to a particular independent

source
Voltage sources are made zero by replacing them with short circuits
All remaining current sources are made zero by replacing them with
open circuits
If a dependent source is present, it must remain active (unaltered)
during the process of superposition

Action Plan
i) In a circuit comprising of many independent sources, only
one source is allowed to be active in the circuit, the rest are
deactivated (turned off).
(ii) To deactivate a voltage source, replace it with a short
circuit, and to deactivate a current source, replace it with an
open circuit.
(iii) The response obtained by applying each source, one at a
time, are then added algebraically to obtain a solution.

Limitations
Superposition is a fundamental property of linear equations
and, therefore, can be applied to any effect that is linearly
related to the cause.
Superposition principle applies only to the current and voltage
in a linear circuit but it cannot be used to determine power
because power is a non-linear function.

Example
Find the current in the 6 resistor using the principle of
superposition for the circuit of Fig

Find io in the network shown in Fig using

superposition

Use superposition to find io in the circuit

shown in Fig.

Find the current i for the circuit of Fig.

Use the principle of superposition to solve

for vx in the circuit of Fig

Thevenins theorem
Thevenins theorem tells us that we can replace the entire
network, exclusive of the load, by an equiva- lent circuit that
contains only an independent voltage source in series with a
resistor in such a way that the currentvoltage relationship at
the load is unchanged

Thevenins
A linear twoterminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent
circuit consisting of a voltage source Vt in series with a resistor
Rt, Where Vt is the opencircuit voltage at the terminals and Rt
is the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the
independent sources are turned off or Rt is the ratio of open
circuit voltage to the shortcircuit current at the terminal pair.

Action plan for using Thevenins

theorem :
1. Divide the original circuit into circuit A and circuit B.

In general, circuit B is the load which may be linear or nonlinear. Circuit A is the balance of the original network exclusive
of load and must be linear. In general, circuit A may contain
independent sources, dependent sources and resistors or other
linear elements.

2) Separate the circuit A from circuit B.

3)Replace circuit A with its Thevenins equivalent.
4)Reconnect circuit B and determine the variable of interest (e.g.
current i or voltage v).

Use Thevenins theorem to find Vo in the

network

Thevenins theorem to find Vo

Use Thevenins theorem to find Vo in the

network

Find I0 in tne circuit using

Nortons theorem

CIRCUITS CONTAINING ONLY DEPENDENT

SOURCES

Maximum Power Transfer

We are sometimes interested in determining the maximum
power that can be delivered to a load.

Maximum power transfer

theorem
Circuit A is replaced by its Thevenin equivalent circuit as seen
from a and b

Maximum power transfer

theorem
The maximum power transfer theorem states that the
maximum power delivered by a source represented by its
Thevenin equivalent circuit is attained when the load RL is
equal to the Thevenin resistance Rt.

Find the value of RL for maximum power

transfer in the network in Fig and the
maximum power that can be transferred to
this load.

Find the value of RL for maximum power

transfer in the network in Fig and the
maximum power that can be transferred to
this load.

Chapter 6

Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Inductors

We will introduce two new linear elements, the capacitor and the
inductor. Unlike resistors, which can only dissipate energy, these two
elements can only store energy, which can then be retrieved at a later
time.

Capacitors

A capacitor is a passive element that stores energy in its electric field. A

capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator (or
dielectric). When a voltage source is connected to the capacitor, the
source deposits a positive charge, +q, on one plate and a negative
charge, q, on the other. The amount of charge is directly proportional
to the voltage so that

q Cv
+q
-q

+q
-q

Capacitors
C, called the capacitance of the capacitor, is the constant of
proportionality. C is in Farads (F). From

q Cv

measured
we define:
Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a
capacitor to the voltage difference between the two plates,
measured in Farad (F). Thus, 1F = 1 coulomb/volt
In reality, the value of C depends on the surface area of the plates, the
spacing between the plates, and the permittivity of the material.

Parallel Capacitors

dv
i1 C1
dt

dv
i2 C2
dt

dv
iN C N
dt

C1

dv

C N
dt

i i1 i2 iN

C2

dv
Ceq
dt

Ceq Ck
k 1

Thus, the equivalent capacitance of N capacitors in parallel is

the sum of the individual capacitances. Capacitors in parallel
act like resistors in series.

Series Capacitors

1
v1 idt
C1
v v1 v2 vN

1
v2
idt

C2
1

C1

C2

vN

1
idt

CN

1
idt
C N

1
idt
Ceq

N
1
1

Ceq k 1 Ck

The equivalent capacitance of N series connected capacitors is

the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual
capacitors. Capacitors in series act like resistors in parallel.

Capacitors and Inductors

Capacitors
Inductors

Inductors
An inductor is a circuit element that consists of a conducting wire
usually in the form of a coil.
An inductor is a passive element that stores energy in its magnetic
field. Generally. An inductor consists of a coil of conducting wire wound
around a core. For the inductor
Changing magnetic field produce a voltage that is proportional to the
time rate of change of the current that produced the magnetic
i field

di (t )
v(t ) L
dt

where L is the inductance in henrys (H),

and 1 H = 1 volt second/ampere.
Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits
opposition to the change of current flowing through it.

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