Fundamental Theorems of Calculus III

• Single Variable  F ( x) dx
a
 F (b)  F (a)

• Line Integrals  C
  
f  d r  f  r (b)   f  r (a ) 

   
Q
• Green's Theorem P dx  Q dy  x  Py dA
D D

   
• Stokes' Theorem 
S
F dr  
S
  F  dS

  
• Gauss' Theorem 
R
F  dS  
R
  F dV
 M310 L30
§16.4 Green's Theorem
§16.4 Green's Theorem
Let D be a plane region whose boundary is a
positively oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple
closed curve. If P and Q are smooth on an
open region containing D, then

   
Q
P dx  Q dy  x  Py dA
D D
§16.4 Green's Thm for Simple Regions
If D is a simple region: both type I & Type II,
we can prove Green's Theorem by proving the
following parts separately.


D
P dx    Py dA
D

 Q dy 
Q
 x dA
D D
§16.4 Proof of Part of Gr Thm for Smpl Regions


D
P dx    Py dA
D

D    x , y  : a  x  b, g1 ( x )  y  g 2 ( x )
§16.4 Green's Thm Extended to
Finite Unions of Simple
Regions
§16.4 [1]
   xy    x 4  
D dx  xy dy  D  x  y  dy dx
4
x

 
1 1 x
    y  0  dy dx
0 0
1 1 x 1

  dx   2  1  x   2  0   dx
 2 2
 1
y 
2 1 1
2  
0 0 0

3 1
   16  1  x  
 0
  6  1  1  6  1  0   
 1 3 1 3 1
  6
§16.4 [2]
D  the disc bounded by x  y  9 2 2


D
3 y  e sin x
 dx  
7 x  y 4
 1 dy 

  

  7x  y4 1


  3y  e 
sin x 
 dy dx
x y 
D  
 
   7  3 dydx
D
2 3
   4 r dr d  4    3  36
2

0 0
§16.4 P and Q Zero on boundary of D

   
Q
x  Py dA  P dx  Q dy  0
D D
§16.4 Computing Areas
Q
x  Py  1

 1 dA
D
  P dx  Q dy
D

There are several possibilities

P0 and Q  x  1dA
D
  x dy
D

P  y and Q  0  1dA
D
   y dx
D

P   12 y and Q  12 x  1dA 
D
1
2  x dy  y dx
D
§16.4 [3]
x  a cos t y  b sin t
dx  a sin t dt dy  b cos t dt

 1 dA 
D
1
2  x dy  y dx
D
2
 1
2  a cos t  b cos t dt   b sin t  a sin t dt 
0
2
   t  sin t  dt
2
1
2 ab cos
0

 1
2 2 ab   ab
§16.4 [4]
   3xy    y 2  
D dx  3xy dy  D  x  y  dy dx
2
y

 
   3 y  2 y  dy dx
D
  y dy dx
D
 2
    r sin   r dr d
0 1
 2
  sin  d  dr
2
r
0 1

   cos   0  r  3 2
 1
3 1

   cos   cos 0 13  23  13 
 2 13 7  143  4 32
§16.3 Independence of Path

If F  P, Q in an open, simply  connected region D,
Q P
and P, Q are smooth with  throuout D.
x y
 
then F is a conservative vector field : F  f
for some scalar function f and

 
 F  dr is independent of path in D
C
§16.4 Proof of Independence of Path

Q
x  Py  0 on D

 
    
Q
F  dr  Pdx  Qdy  x  Py dy dx  0
D D D

 
Therefore the line integral  F  dr is independent of path.
C
§16.4 [5] Integral of a Conservative Fld
  y, x r sin  , r cos 
F  2   1
r  sin  , cos 
x y 2
r2
Q

x 2
 y 2  1  x  2 x

y2  x2
x x 2
y 
2 2
x 2
y 
2 2

P

x 2
 y 2    1    y   2 y

y2  x2
y x 2
y 
2 2
x 2
y 
2 2

Q
x Py  0 on D,

so F is conservative and its line integral is independent of path.
 
r  a cos  , sin  dt  a  sin  , cos 
dr

2
   dr
 F  dr 
C
 F  dt dt 
C

0
1
a  sin  , cos   a  sin  , cos  dt  2
 Fundamental Theorems of Calculus III
b

• Single Variable  F ( x) dx
a
 F (b)  F (a)

• Line Integrals  C
  
f  d r  f  r (b)   f  r (a ) 

   
Q
• Green's Theorem P dx  Q dy  x  Py dA
D D

   
• Stokes' Theorem 
S
F dr  
S
  F  dS

  
• Gauss' Theorem 
R
F  dS  
R
  F dV