Internetworking technology

Anupam sahu 1
• Routeris an electronic device used to forward
data between computer networks.
• a router is a networking device whose
software and hardware are usually tailored to
the tasks of routing and forwarding
information
• Routers connect two or more logical subnets

Anupam sahu 2
• In packet-switched networks such as the Internet, a router
is a device or, in some cases, software in a computer, that
determines the next network point to which a packet
should be forwarded toward its destination. The router is
connected to at least two networks and decides which
way to send each information packet based on its current
understanding of the state of the networks it is connected
to. A router is located at any gateway (where one network
meets another), including each point-of-presence on the
Internet. A router is often included as part of a network
switch.

Anupam sahu 3
 LAN
• A local area network (LAN) is a
computer network covering a small physical
area, like a home, office, or small group of
buildings, such as a school, or an airport.

Anupam sahu 4
 MAN
• Metropolitan Area Network - a network
spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but
smaller than a WAN, such as a city. A MAN is
typically owned an operated by a single entity
such as a government body or large
corporation.

Anupam sahu 5
• A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large
computer network that usually spans a city or
a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects
a number of local area networks (LANs) using
a high-capacity backbone technology, such as
fiber-optical links, and provides up-link
services to wide area networks and the
Internet.

Anupam sahu 6
 WAN
• WAN - Wide Area Network
• As the term implies, a WAN spans a large
physical distance. The Internet is the largest
WAN, spanning the Earth. A WAN is a
geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A
network device called a router connects LANs
to a WAN. In IP networking, the router
maintains both a LAN address and a WAN
address.
Anupam sahu 7
 LAN Vs MAN
• A WAN differs from a LAN in several important
ways. Most WANs (like the Internet) are not
owned by any one organization but rather
exist under collective or distributed ownership
and management. WANs tend to use
technology like ATM, Frame Relay and X.25 for
connectivity over the longer distances.

Anupam sahu 8
 INTROUDUCTIN TO ROUTER
• A router is a networking tool/device with the aim of selecting
the appropriate path for to transfer data packages between
different networks. This procedure is identified as routing
• A router is a device that establishes the appropriate passageway
for information package to pass from one network to another
network
• Routers join networks collectively for example a LAN to a WAN, a
LAN to LAN and so on, in order to access or see the Internet.
• Routers utilize routing tables and headers to settle the finest
passageway for the package to follow. Routing protocols might
be utilized by routers to communicate with each other and make
the most excellent path between any two nodes or hosts on a
network system
Anupam sahu 9
 WHAT IS “HUB”
• We can define a hub as it is a point which is used to
connect all the devices in a network.   A hub consists of
multiple ports
• Three types of hubs are mentioned below.
• a passive hub simply broadcast a packet to every port.
• Intelligent Hub: Intelligent hub consists of some additional
features.. By using these features an administrator monitors
the traffic and configures ports in the hub
• Switching hub: Function of switching hub is to read the
destination address of each packet and then forward the
packet to correct port

Anupam sahu 10
 ROUTER Vs HUB
• routers serve as intermediate destinations for network
traffic. These routers receive TCP/IP packets, look
inside each packet to identify the source and target
IP addresses, then forward these packets as needed to
ensure the data reaches its final destination
• A router is a more sophisticated network device than
either a switch or a hub. Like hubs and switches,
network routers are typically small, box-like pieces of
equipment that multiple computers can connect to

Anupam sahu 11
 CISCO IOS
• Cisco IOS (originally Internetwork Operating
System) is the software used on the vast
majority of Cisco Systems routers and current
Cisco network switches. (Earlier switches ran
CatOS). IOS is a package of routing, switching,
internetworking and telecommunications
functions tightly integrated with a multitasking
operating system. The first IOS was written by
William Yeager.
Anupam sahu 12
 Routing protocols
• Routing protocols
•   A routing protocol provides a mechanism for
routers to share routing information. These
protocols allow routers to pass information between
themselves, and update their routing tables.
Example of routing protocols are Routing
Information Protocol (RIP), Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (IGRP), Enhanced Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path
First (OSPF).
Anupam sahu 13
 Static and dynamic routing
• A route can either use static or dynamic
routing.
• STATIC ROUTING
• DYNAMIC ROUTING

Anupam sahu 14
 STATIC ROUTING
• In static routing, a system administrator sets
up a manual route when there is only one
route to get to a network. This type of
configuring reduces the overhead of dynamic
routing. Static routing also allows the
internetwork administration to specify the
information that is advertised parts of a
network.

Anupam sahu 15
 DYNAMIC ROUTING
In Dynamic routing, the routers monitor the
network, and can change their routing tables
based on the current network conditions. The
network thus adapts to changing conditions.
Unfortunately, this method tends to reveal
everything known about an internetwork to
the rest of the network. This may be
inappropriate for security reasons.

Anupam sahu 16
Anupam sahu 17
Distance vector routing protocols

Anupam sahu 18
 Interior routing protocols

• Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs) exchange routing

information within a single routing domain. A given
autonomous system [5] can contain multiple routing domains,
or a set of routing domains can be coordinated without being
an Internet-participating autonomous system. Common
examples include:fh
• IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
• EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
• OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
• RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
• IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System)

Anupam sahu 19
 exterior protocol
A protocol concerned with routing between
Autonomous Systems (ASs), which are groups
of routers within the same administrative
domain. Exterior protocols include the
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) and the
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

Anupam sahu 20
 Routing table
• A routing table is an electronic document that
stores the routes to the various nodes in a
computer network. The nodes may be any kind of
electronic device connected to the network. The
Routing Table is usually stored in a router or
networked computer in the form of a database or
file. When data needs to be sent from one node to
another on the network, the routing table is
referred to in order to find the best possible route
for the transfer of information.
Anupam sahu 21
 Routing method
• Hop-by-hop Routing is a common routing method
used in networks wherein for each node in the
network, the address of the next node leading to
the destination is listed. So when a data packet
arrives at a particular node, it then refers to the
routing table to find the address of the next hop
destination. Once it reaches that node, it again
refers to the routing table for the address of the
next hop and so on, until it reaches the final
destination.
Anupam sahu 22
 Static Vs. dynamic routing table
• Routing tables can generally be maintained manually
when the network is small and static. The routing tables
for all static network devices never change unless and
until the administrator of the network changes them
manually. In dynamic routing, the devices themselves
automatically build and maintain their own routing tables.
They do this by exchanging information regarding the
network topology using routing protocols. This enables
the devices in the network to automatically adapt to the
changes in the network like device failures and network
congestion as and when they occur.

Anupam sahu 23
TCP/IP Protocols

Anupam sahu 24
Anupam sahu 25
Anupam sahu 26
Anupam sahu 27
 Access control list
• With respect to a computer file system, an access
control list (ACL) is a list of permissions attached to
an object. An ACL specifies which users—or system
processes—are granted access to objects, as well
as what operations are allowed to be performed on
given objects. In a typical ACL, each entry in the list
specifies a subject and an operation. For example,
the entry (Alice, delete) on the ACL for file WXY
gives Alice permission to delete file WXY.

Anupam sahu 28
Anupam sahu 29