Bluetooth Radio and Baseband: Kuei-Ann Wen Kawen@cc - Nctu.edu - TW

Bluetooth Radio and Baseband
Kuei-Ann Wen
Kawen@cc.nctu.edu.tw
National Chiao Tung University
Institute of Electronics
03/06/16
Part A
RADIO SPECIFICATION
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CONTENTS
1 Scope
2 Frequency Bands and Channel Arran
3 Transmitter Characteristics
4 Receiver Characteristics
5 Appendix A
6 Appendix B
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2 FREQUENCY BANDS AND CHANNEL ARRANGEMENT
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3 Transmitter Characteristics
3.1 Modulation Characteristics
3.2 Spurious Emissions
3.2.1 In-band Spurious Emission
3.2.2 Out-of-Band Spurious Emission
3.3 Radio Frequency Tolerance
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TRANSMITTER POWER CHARACTERISTICS
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3.1 MODULATION CHARACTERISTICS

GFSK (Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying) with a BT=0.5.
The Modulation index must be between 0.28 and 0.35.
A binary one is represented by a positive frequency deviation.
The symbol timing shall be better than +20 ppm.
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3.2.1 In-band Spurious

Emission
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3.2.2 Out-of-Band Spurious Emission
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4 Receiver Characteristics
4.1 Actual Sensitivity Level
4.2 Interference Performance
4.3 Out-of-band Blocking
4.4 Intermodulation Characteristics
4.5 Maximum Useable Level
4.6 Spurious Emissions
4.7 Receiver Signal Strength Indicator (optional)
4.8 Reference Interference-signal Definition
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4.1 ACTUAL SENSITIVITY LEVEL
The actual sensitivity level is defined as the input level

for which a raw bit error rate (BER) of 0.1% is met.
The requirement for a Bluetooth receiver is an actual
sensitivity level of -70 dBm or better.
In order to measure the bit error rate performance; the
equipment must have a loop back facility as specified in Test
Mode Specification.
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The signal to interference ratio shall be:
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In-band Interference
27dBm
30dBm
60dBm
71dBm
2500 MHz
f 0 3MHz
f 0 2 MHz
f 0 1MHz
f0
f 0 1MHz
f 0 2 MHz
f 0 3MHz
2400 MHz
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4.3 OUT-OF-BAND BLOCKING

The out of band blocking is measured with the wanted signal
3 dB
over the reference sensitivity level.
The interfering signal shall be a continuous wave signal.
The BER shall be 0.1 %.
The Out of band blocking requirements:
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Out-of-Band Interference
10dBm
27dBm
67dBm
12.75GHz
3001MHz
3000 MHz
2500 MHz
f0
2400 MHz
2000 MHz
1999 MHz
30 MHz
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4.4 INTERMODULATION CHARACTERISTICS

The reference sensitivity performance, BER = 0.1%, shall be
met under the following conditions:
1. The wanted signal at frequency f 0 with a power level 6 dB
over the reference sensitivity level.
2. A static sine wave signal at f 1 with a power level of -39 dBm.
3. A Bluetooth modulated signal at f 2 with a power level of
-39dBm. Such that f 0 =2f 1 -f 2 and f 2 -f 1 =n*1 MHz where n
can be 3, 4, or 5.
The system must fulfil one of the three alternatives.
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Intermodulation characteristic
39dBm
64dBm
n MHz
n MHz
n 3,4,5
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4.5 MAXIMUM USEABLE LEVEL

The maximum useable input level the receiver shall operate at
shall be better than -20 dBm. The BER shall be less or equal to
0,1% at -20 dBm input power.
4.6 SPURIOUS EMISSIONS
The spurious emission for a Bluetooth receiver shall not be
more than:
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4.8 REFERENCE INTERFERENCE-SIGNAL DEFINITION

A Bluetooth modulated interfering signal is defined as:
Modulation = GFSK
Modulation index = 0.32%
BT= 0.5+1%
Bit Rate = 1 Mbps +1 ppm
Modulating Data = PRBS9
Frequency accuracy better than +1 ppm.
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Bluetooth Baseband
Institute of Electronics
03/06/16
1. General Description
Baseband Packet
BT Link
Controller
2.4GHz
BT Radio
BT Link
Manager & I/O
Bluetooth Host
Bluetooth Host
Other Higher
Layer
Driver
Other Higher
Layer
Driver
HCI Driver
Bluetooth hardware
HCI
LM
Physical Bus(USB, PCCard)

Firmware
HCI Driver
Bluetooth hardware
Baseband
Baseband
Physical Bus
Driver
(USB, PCCard)
HOST
HCI
LM
Physical Bus(USB, PCCard)

Firmware
Physical Bus
Driver
(USB, PCCard)
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System Partition
DA
GFSK
fc=1M
Packet Composer
42
0~78
VCO
Demod
1M
FH Acq
X
2.4Ghz
2M~81M
Hop Net
AD
Code
r
Encry.
Packet Composer
CLK
13M
CLK
32k
SH Interface
2M~81M
Control Buffer 2871bx2
2.4Ghz
27
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Specification Overview : HCI Packet

Command Packet:
OpCode (2 bytes)
Parameter Length
(1 byte)
Parameters (the rest of the packet)
Event Packet:
Event Code
(1 byte)
Parameter Length
(1 byte)
Parameters
Parameters (the rest of the packet)
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Specification Overview
ACL Packet:
Flags
(4 bits)
Connection Handle (12 bits)

Length (2 bytes)
Data (the rest of the packet)
SCO Packet:
Reserved
(4 bits)
Connection Handle (12 bits) Length (1 byte)

Data (the rest of the packet)
Data
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Specification Overview
Command Groups(OGF)
Link Control
Link Policy
Host Controller & Baseband
Informational
Status
Testing
Examples
Create_Connection
Hold_Mode
Write_Page_Timeou
t
Read_BD_ADD
Read_RSSI
Stella Kuei Ann Wen
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03/06/16
545
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Propagation Scheme:
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2. PHYSICAL CHANNEL
Band Selection : 79MHz or 64MHz
Channel Selection : 1MHz
With digital synthesizer being controlled by LM/HCI signaling
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FH (1600 hops/s)/TDD Channel

Slot numbering range : 0 ~ 227-1
f(2k)
f(2k+1)
f(2k+2)
master
t
slave
t
625 s
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Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
f5
f4
AMPLITUDE
f3
f2
f1
1
10
11
FREQUENCY
12
TIME
FSK DATA MODULATION

PERIODIC CHANGES IN THE CARRIER FREQUENCY
SPREADS THE SIGNAL
CARRIER FREQUENCY CHANGES AT A SPECIFIED HOP
RATE
CARRIER FREQUENCY HOPS AFTER A PRESCRIBED
TIME
National Chiao Tung
University
TOTAL SYSTEM BANDWIDTH INCLUDES ALL
THE
Stella OF
Kuei Ann
Wen
CHANNEL FREQUENCIES USED IN HOPPING
Page 31
AP96358 2-13
03/06/16
Master Timing
f(2k)
f(2k+1)
TX
RX
f(2k+2)
TX
t
625 s
1250 s
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Slave Timing
f(2k)
f(2k+1)
RX
TX
f(2k+2)
RX
t
625 s
1250 s
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Multi-slot Packets
625 s
f(k)
f(k+1)
f(k+2)
f(k)
f(k)
f(k+3)
f(k+4)
f(k+5)
f(k+3)
f(k+4)
f(k+5)
f(k+5)
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3. PHYSICAL LINKS
Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) Link
circuit switching
symmetric, synchronous services
slot reservation at fixed intervals
Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) Link
packet switching
(a)symmetric, asynchronous services
polling access scheme
SCO(Synchronous Connection-Oriented Link ) :
1. LM protocol sending SCO setup ( Tsco ( counted in slots), Dsco )
2. SCO send in Tsco
3. Clock wrap-around should be resolved with LMP setup message.
4. CLK(k+1)=CLK(k)+Tsco
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4. Packets
Packet Format
72
54
access code packet header
0-2745
payload
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PACKET COMPOSER
Access Code
Composer
Preamble+Sync.+(Tail)
HeaderComposer
AM_ADDR +TYPE
+FLOW+SEQN +ARQN
+HEC
Payload
Composer
Modem
7.Whitening
GFSK
11.Hopper
Coder
13.Sync. Code
Composer
5..ARQ
Handler
12.Voice
5.Coder
HEC - CRC- FEC Coding
Controler
6.Logical
Channel
8.9.TX/RX
Routine & Timing
Link Controller
Link Manager
10 Channel
Control
14.Security
13.BD_ADD, 10CLK...
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Access CodeBCH
34
24
LAP
BRKR
4
PREAMBLE
LSB
64
SYNC WORD
TRAILER
MSB
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SYNC WORD
145
1. Generate information sequence;
2. XOR this with the information covering part of the PN overlay sequence;
3. Generate the extended BCH codeword;
4. XOR the codeword with all 64 bits of the PN overlay sequence;
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Access Code Types

Device Access Code (DAC):
unit identifier
derived from unit LAP
Channel Access Code (CAC):

channel identifier
derived from master LAP
Inquiry Access Code (IAC):

reserved identifier
derived from reserved address
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Packet Header
3
AM_ADDR
4
TYPE
1
FLOW
1
ARQN
1
SEQN
parameter
information
AM_ADDR
slave active member address
TYPE
payload type
FLOW
LC flow control
ARQN
ACK/NAK
SEQN
retransmit ordering
HEC
header error check
8
HEC
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Packet Types
SEGMENT
1
TYPE
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
SCO link
NULL
POLL
FHS
DM1
HV1
HV2
HV3
DV
ACL link
NULL
POLL
FHS
DM1
DH1
AUX1
DM3
DH3
DM5
DH5
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Link Control Packets
ID packet
IQ packet
NULL packet
POLL packet
FHS packet
34
24
ID packet consists of DAC or IAC.

It has a fixed length of 68 bits.
It is a very robust packet
since the receiver uses a bit corrector to match the
received packet to the known bit sequence of the ID
packet.
16
24
26
Parity bits | Lap | NA| SR| SP| UAP |NAP | Class of | AM-ADDR | CLK27-2| Page Scan
device
Mode
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Data Rates (kb/s)
Maximum packet size: 28x8+16(crc)+72(access)+54(header)=366

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Payload Header
2
L_CH
L_CH
FLOW
LENGTH
channel
reserved
information
00
01
UA/UI
continuation of L2CAP message
10
UA/UI
start of L2CAP message
11
LM
reserved
LMP message
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5. Error Control Coding

Forward-Error Correction (FEC)
1/3 rate: bit-repeat code
2/3 rate: (15,10) shortened Hamming code
Automatic Retransmission Query (ARQ)

1-bit fast ACK/NAK
1-bit sequence number
header piggy-backing
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ARQ (I)
A
MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
NAK
ACK
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ARQ (II)
CRC check
RX
ACK/NAK
ACK/NAK
retransmission
TX
new
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ARQ Scheme
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Error Checking
HEC
CRC
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Error Checking
HEC
CRC
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6. Logical Channels
Logical Channels
Control Channels:
LC
LM
link control
link manager
Traffic Channels:
US
UA
UI
synchronous user data

asynchronous user data
isochronous user data
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7. Data Whitening
For Header and Payload
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8. TX/RX Routines
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BITSTREAM PROCESSES
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9. TX/RX Timing
RX/TX cycle of Bluetooth master transceiver in
normal mode for single-slot
packets.
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RX/TX cycle of Bluetooth transceiver in PAGE mode.
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SLAVE RESPONSE/MASTER RESPONSE
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Multi-slave transmission
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10. Channel Control

CLKN native clock
CLKE estimated clock
CLK master clock
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Clock Derivation
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State Transition
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Overall
standby
SLAVE
YES
NO
NO
waken by DAC?
initiating?
NO
NO
page scan
inquiry scan
Slave
response?
inquiry
response?
YES
MASTER
YES
sent out DAC?
YES
inquiry
page
Master
response?
NO
YES
NO
connection
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Page / Page Scan

master
standby
page
no
Master
response
page scan
window Tw
slave
DAC
(slave ID)
standby
page scan
Slave ID
FHS
Slave
response
no
Slave ID
yes
yes
connection
(data)
connection
(ack)
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Page Trains
A
f(k-8)
f(k-7)
f(k)
f(k+1)
f(k+7)
f(k-16)
f(k-15)
f(k-9)
f(k+8)
f(k+15)
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Connection Setup
1.25ms
FHS
MASTER
train
10 ms
SLAVE
CONNECTION
scan f(k)
B
f(k+1)
sleep
11.25 ms
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Inquiry / Inquiry Scan

standby
Inquiry
master
inquiry scan
window Tw
slave
IAC
(slave ID)
standby
Inquiry scan
FHS
no
Inquired?
yes
(page...)
no
Inquiry
response
yes
(page...)
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Inquire
1.25ms
INQUIRER
train
10 ms
STANDBY
scan f(k)
A
11.25 ms
sleep RAND1
f(k)
f(k+1)
A
FHS
sleep RAND2
f(k+1)
f(k+2)
A
FHS
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Inquiry Response
f(k)
f(k+1)
IQ
f(k)
f(k+1)
f(k+4)
IQ
IQ
f(k+1)
FHS
625 s
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Sniff Example
MASTER
ACL
ACL
ACL
lost
SLAVE 1
SNIFF INTERVAL
SLAVE 2
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Park Mode
BEACON
PM_ADDR
active slave
master
parked slaves
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Park Example
PARK INTERVAL
BC
ACL
ACL
BC
MASTER
SLAVE X
SLAVE 2
SLAVE Y
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11. Hop Selection
0 2 4 6 8
626466
78 1 3
737577
segment 1
segment 2
segment 3
Segment
# of hops length
Europe/US
79
32
16
Japan/France/Spain
23
16
8
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Y1
XOR
ADD
X
O
R
PERM5
ADD
0
2
4
mod 79
78
1
3
Y2
77
Block diagram of the hop selection kernel for the 79-hop system
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12. Bluetooth Audio

Continous Variable Slope DeltaModulation (CVSD)
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 . . . . . . .
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13. Bluetooth Address
Bluetooth Device Address (BD_ADDR)

48-bit IEEE 802 address
24-bit lower address part (LAP)
8-bit upper address part (UAP)
Active Member Address (AM_ADDR)

3-bit active slave address
all-zero broadcast address
Parked Member Address (PM_ADDR)
8-bit parked slave address
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14. Bluetooth Security
In order to accommodate for different types of applications, four

types of link keys have been defined:
the combination key KAB
the unit key KA

the temporary key K master
the initialisation key K init
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REFERENCE DESIGNS
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HW Blocks
Bluetooth Module
RF ASIC
- Rx/Tx
- regulators
- clocking
3.0 .. 5.2 V
Control
4
2
Data
13MHz
Applic. IF
BB ASIC
- Rx/Tx Control
- ARM7TDI
- CVSD codec
- Applic. IF
1.8 V
Vappl
1.8V, 2.78
or 3.3V
Flash
13 MHz
32 kHz
Page 85
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BB ASIC: Block Diagram

Buffer/MCU
RAM
HW Link
Controller
Receiver
Clock Truncs
ResetX
13 MHz
SysResetX
Clock,
Reset,
Watchdog
MCU
Subsystem
Data
IF
Unit
Power
Control
Unit
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VLSI Technologies
Page 87
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HAVE A NICE LUNCH
Page 88
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03/06/16

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Bluetooth Radio and Baseband

National Chiao Tung University

National Chiao Tung University

National Chiao Tung University

2 FREQUENCY BANDS AND CHANNEL ARRANGEMENT

National Chiao Tung University

National Chiao Tung University

National Chiao Tung University

TRANSMITTER POWER CHARACTERISTICS

National Chiao Tung University

3.1 MODULATION CHARACTERISTICS

National Chiao Tung University

3.2.1 In-band Spurious

National Chiao Tung University

3.2.2 Out-of-Band Spurious Emission

National Chiao Tung University

National Chiao Tung University

4.1 ACTUAL SENSITIVITY LEVEL

The actual sensitivity level is defined as the input level

National Chiao Tung University

The signal to interference ratio shall be:

National Chiao Tung University

4.3 OUT-OF-BAND BLOCKING

National Chiao Tung University

4.4 INTERMODULATION CHARACTERISTICS

4.5 MAXIMUM USEABLE LEVEL

National Chiao Tung University

4.8 REFERENCE INTERFERENCE-SIGNAL DEFINITION

National Chiao Tung University

National Chiao Tung University

Physical Bus(USB, PCCard)

National Chiao Tung University

Physical Bus(USB, PCCard)

National Chiao Tung University

Control Buffer 2871bx2

Specification Overview : HCI Packet

Parameters (the rest of the packet)

Parameters (the rest of the packet)

National Chiao Tung University

Connection Handle (12 bits)

Connection Handle (12 bits) Length (1 byte)

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National Chiao Tung University

National Chiao Tung University

FH (1600 hops/s)/TDD Channel

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Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

FSK DATA MODULATION

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National Chiao Tung University

National Chiao Tung University

access code packet header

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National Chiao Tung University

National Chiao Tung University

Access Code Types

Channel Access Code (CAC):

Inquiry Access Code (IAC):

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slave active member address

header error check

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