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SDH SS7
SDH SS7
SDH SS7
Subscriber signalling
(analog or ISDN=DSS1)
Transmission
(PDH, SDH)
Networkinternal
signalling
(SS7)
Databases in
the network
(HLR)
Packet-switched network
Statistical multiplexing
(greater flexibility)
Connection-oriented
operation (setup & release
connection => call)
Connectionless operation
(independent routing of
packets) as default
Switching in
exchanges
PSTN
Networkinternal
signalling
(SS7)
IP network
Quality-of-Service (QoS) support needed!
Transmission
(PDH, SDH)
Databases in
the network
(HLR)
Subscriber signalling
(analog or ISDN=DSS1)
Transmission
(PDH, SDH)
Networkinternal
signalling
(SS7)
Databases in
the network
(HLR)
1.5 Mbit/s
6
32
98
USA
T1
T2
T3
T4
1.5 Mbit/s
6
45
140
51.84 Mbit/s
155.52
622.08
2.488 Gbit/s
Europe
E1
E2
E3
E4
2 Mbit/s
8
34
140
SDH
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
16
31
...
...
SOH
1
5 SOH
261 bytes
STM-1 payload (contains the
actual information)
AU pointer indicates where
the virtual container starts
in the payload field
STM = Synchronous
transport module
SOH = Section overhead
AU = Administrative unit
SOH
261 bytes
STM-1 payload
1
5 SOH
SOH
AU-4 pointer points to
first byte of VC
SOH
Virtual container
floats within the
payload of STM-1
frames
P
O
H
VC-4
VC-4(Virtual
(Virtualcontainer)
container)
9
POH = Path overhead
260 bytes
Beginning of
virtual container
STM-1 frame N
Path overhead
bytes
Beginning of
next virtual container
old
new
SOH
VC-4
VC-4(Virtual
(Virtualcontainer)
container)
Pointer
value
updated
Three empty
bytes are
inserted here
STM-1 payload
Pointer
value
updated
VC-4
VC-4(Virtual
(Virtualcontainer)
container)
AU-4 pointer
Three VC bytes
are stored here
old
new
Payload mapping
STM-1 can carry 63 E1 signals.
SDH systems nowadays also
carry ATM and IP traffic.
STM-1
Subscriber signalling
PSTN
Switching in
exchanges
Subscriber signalling
(analog or ISDN=DSS1)
Transmission
(PDH, SDH)
Networkinternal
signalling
(SS7)
Databases in
the network
(HLR)
LE A
Off-hook
Dial tone
B number
Ringback
tone (or
busy tone)
Connection established
LE B
SS7
signalling
(ISUP)
User B
LE = local exchange
Ringing
signal
Off-hook
(user B
answers)
LE A
Off-hook
B number
Setup
Call proc
Tones
generated
in terminal
LE B
SS7
signalling
(ISUP)
User B
DSS1 signalling
messages
Setup
Alert
Ringing
Conn
Off-hook
(user B
answers)
Alert
Conn
Connection established
Idea originated
in the 1980s
ISDN
ISDN
terminal
terminal
interaction is
possible
PSTN
PSTN
terminal
terminal
Basic
Rate
Access
ISDN
Primary
Rate
Access
ISDN
User interface
Q.931
Q.931
Q.931
Q.931
DSS1
PSTN Network
ISUP
ISUP SS7
ISUP
ISUP
MTP
MTP33
MTP
MTP33
User interface
Q.931
Q.931
Q.931
Q.931
DSS1
Q.921
Q.921
Q.921
Q.921
MTP
MTP22
MTP
MTP22
Q.921
Q.921
Q.921
Q.921
I.430
I.430
I.430
I.430
MTP
MTP11
MTP
MTP11
I.430
I.430
I.430
I.430
Subscriber signalling
(analog or ISDN=DSS1)
Transmission
(PDH, SDH)
Networkinternal
signalling
(SS7)
Databases in
the network
(HLR)
CCIS
CCIS
SS7
SS7
Exchange
Exchange
Exchange
Exchange
Exchange
Database
Signalling example
Tokyo
User
UserAA
(calling
(calling
user)
user)
Oulu
Exch
Exch
Exch
Exch
Exch
Exch
London
User
UserBB
(called
(called
user)
user)
Database
Database
A typical scenario:
User A calls mobile user B. The call is routed to a specific
gateway exchange (GMSC) that must contact a database
(HLR) to find out under which exchange (MSC) the mobile
user is located. The call is then routed to this exchange.
ISDN
ISDNUser
UserPart
Part
(ISUP)
(ISUP)
MTP
user
SS7 application
protocol for managing
circuit-switched
connections
MTP
MTPlevel
level33(routing
(routingin
inthe
thesignalling
signallingnetwork)
network)
MTP
MTP
MTPlevel
level22(link-layer
(link-layerprotocol)
protocol)
MTP
MTPlevel
level11(64
(64kbit/s
kbit/sPCM
PCMtime
timeslot)
slot)
MAP
MAP
TCAP
TCAP
OSI protocol
layer model
Application
Application
Presentation
Presentation
Session
Session
ISUP
ISUP
Transport
Transport
SCCP
SCCP
MTP
MTPlevel
level33
Network
Network
MTP
MTPlevel
level22
MTP
MTPlevel
level11
Data
Datalink
link
Physical
Physical
Application layer
Presentation layer
Session layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Physical layer
CK
CK
SIF
SIF
SIO
SIO
CK
CK
SF
SF
LI
LI Control
Control
CK
CK
LI
LI Control
Control
FF
MSB
FF
LI
LI Control
Control
Network:
National
International
User part:
ISUP
SCCP
Signalling
network
management
FF
STP
STP
SP
SP
MAP
STP
STP
SP
SP
ISUP
Exchange
Exchange
LSB
SIO octet
DPC
DPC
OPC
OPC
OPC
SLS
Signalling message
payload
Area/Network
8 bits
SP
3 bits
SPC
SPC==277
277
SPC
SPC==277
277
National
CK
CK
SIF
SIF
SIO
SIO
LI
LI Control
Control
FF
From LE A to LE B
From LE B to LE A
Call release:
REL (Release message)
RLC (Release complete message)
Direction depends
on releasing party
(user A or user B)
Exchange
Exchange
Circuit
STP
STP
SL 4
SL 7
SPC = 82
SPC = 22
Circuit
14
Exchange
Exchange
Outgoing message:
OPC = 82 CIC = 14
DPC = 22 SLS = 4
Exchange
Exchange
Circuit
20
SPC = 60
Exchange
Exchange
Setup
DSS1
signalling
assumed
Alert
Connect
LE A
Transit exchange
IAM
LE B
IAM
User B
Setup
Number analysis
ACM
ANM
Charging of call starts now
ACM
ANM
Alert
Connect
LE A
TE
LE B
Dial tone
B number
Local exchange:
analyzes B number
determines that call
User B
LE A
TE
LE B
User B
LE A
Ringback
tone
TE
Address complete
message (ACM)
LE B
User B
Ringing signal
or
Ringing signal is sent to user B (=> user B is alerted).
Ringback tone (or busy tone) is sent to user A.
(Ringback/busy tone is generated locally at LE A or is
sent from LE B through circuit switched path.)
LE A
TE
LE B
User B
User B answers
358
1234567
International number
1234567
National number
1234567
User number
Prefix
Country code
358
Area code
358
Prefix
Country code
(1-3 digits)
1234567
Subscriber number
National destination code (1-3 digits)
Area code, e.g. 9
Mobile network code, e.g. 40
MSISDN number
LE A
TE
LE B
User B
Exchange
Exchange
STP
STP
Database
Database
Exchange
Exchange
Database
Database
Database
Database
STP
STP
Exchange
Exchange
Exchange
Exchange
Exchange
Exchange
Exchange
Exchange
SPC = 32
SCCP
HLR
HLRlocated
locatedin
inOslo
Oslo
SPC = 99
Processing in STP:
Received message is given to SCCP for GTT.
SCCP finds the DPC of the HLR: DPC = 99
PSTN
Typical operation of
a local exchange
Subscriber signalling
(analog or ISDN=DSS1)
Transmission
(PDH, SDH)
Networkinternal
signalling
(SS7)
Databases in
the network
(HLR)
Time
switch
LIC
Tone
Rx
Tone generator
Line
interface
circuit
Switching system
Group
switch
TDM links
to other
network
elements
ETC
ETC
Sign.
Exchange
terminal
circuit
Switch control
E.164 number analysis
Charging
User databases
O&M functions
SS7 Signalling
equipment
Control system
LIC
LIC
5. Dial tone
is sent
(indicating
network is
alive)
Time
switch
Tone
Rx
Tone generator
Switching system
ETC
Group
switch
ETC
Sign.
Control system
Switching system
LIC
LIC
1. User A
dials user B
number
Time
switch
Tone
Rx
2. Number (DTMF
signal) received
Group
switch
ETC
ETC
Sign.
3. Number analysis
4. IN triggering actions? Should an external
database (e.g. SCP, HLR) be contacted?
Control system
Switching system
LIC
Time
switch
LIC
1. Tone receiver
is disconnected
Tone
Rx
Group
switch
ETC
E.g.,
CIC = 24
ETC
Sign.
Control system
IAM
(contains
information
CIC = 24)
Switching system
LIC
Time
switch
LIC
2. Ringback
or busy tone
is locally
generated
4. Call
continues
Tone generator
Group
switch
ETC
ETC
Sign.
Control system
ACM,
ANM