Your

Lecture

YUSMANIAR
S1 FARMASI UNAND 1991
APT, UI 1992
S2 BIOMEDIK UI 2008

Microbiolog
y

Sejarah mikrobiologi
Sel bakteri
Nutrisi & pertumbuhan
Microbial genetic
Flora normal
Patogenesitas
Pengendalian mikroba

Virologi
Mikologi
Protozoologi
Helminthologi

Referensi

Mikrobiologi dasar Gupte

Dasar-dasar Mikrobiologi Pelchars
Mikrobiologi Jawets
Mikrobiologi lain-lain

Microbial World and

You

Microorganisms Protists,
Bacteria and Viruses

What is Microbiology?

Micro - too small to be seen with the naked

eye
Bio - life
logy - study of

Organisms included in the study of

Microbiology

1. Bacteria
2. Protozoans
3. Algae
4. Parasites
5. Yeasts and Molds

Fungi

6. Viruses

Bacteriology
Protozoology
Phycology
Parasitology
Mycology
Virology

Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs

Mikroorganisme mikroba - kuman

Microbes Benefit Humans

1.Bacteria are primary decomposers recycle nutrients back into the environment
(sewage treatment plants)
2. Microbes produce various food
products

cheese, pickles, sauerkraut, green olives

yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread
Beer, Wine, Alcohol

3. Microbes are used to produce

Antibiotics

Penicillin

Mold

Penicillium notatum

1928 Alexander
Fleming

4. Bacteria synthesize chemicals

that our body needs, but cannot
synthesize

Example: E. coli

B vitamins - for metabolism

Vitamin K - blood clotting

Escherichia coli

Dr. Escherich
Colon (intestine)

5. Biochemistry and
Metabolism

Very simple structure

rapid rate of reproduction
provides instant data

6. Microbial Antagonism

Our normal microbial flora prevents potential

pathogens from gaining access to our body

7. Insect Pest Control

Using bacteria to control the growth of insects

Bacillus thuringiensis

caterpillars
bollworms
corn borers

8. Bioremediation

Using microbes to clean up pollutants and

toxic wastes
Exxon Valdez - 1989

2 Genera

Pseudomonas sp.
Bacillus sp.

9. Recombinant DNA
Technology
Gene Therapy
Genetic
Engineering

Bacteria can be manipulated to produce

enzymes and proteins they normally would
not produce

Insulin
Human Growth Hormone
Interferon

10. Microbes form the basis

of the food chain

Marine and fresh water microorganisms

Harmful Effects

Cause disease (basis for bioterrorism)

Food spoilage

Pneumonia Whooping Cough

Botulism
Typhoid Fever
Measles
Cholera Scarlet Fever
Mumps
Syphilis Gonorrhea
Herpes 1
Chlamydia
Tuberculosis
Herpes 2
Meningitis
Tetanus
RMSV
Strep Throat Lyme Disease AIDS
Black Plague Diarrhea
Gangrene

GO TO

Pioneers of Microbiology

Robert Hooke, UK (1665)

Spontaneous generation

Proposed the Cell Theory

Observed cork with crude microscope
All living things are composed of cells
Some forms of life could arise spontaneously
from non-living matter

Francesco Redi, IT (1668)

Redis experiments first to dispprove S.G.

Pioneers of Microbiology

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, DE (1673)

Schleiden and Schwann, DE

First observed live microorganisms

(animalcules)
Formulated Cell Theory: cells are the
fundamental units of life and carry out all the
basic functions of living things

Pasteur, FR and Tyndall, UK (1861)

Finally disproved S.G.

Pioneers of Microbiology

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), Chemist

Fermentation (1857)
Pasteurization: heat liquid enough to kill
spoilage bacteria (1864)
Vaccine development rabies
Proposed the germ theory of disease
Proposed aseptic techniques (prevent
contamination by unwanted microbes)
Director of Pasteur Institute, Paris (1894)

Pioneers of Microbiology

Joseph Lister, UK (1867)

Used phenol (carbolic acid) to disinfect wounds

First aseptic technique in surgery

Robert Koch, DE (1876)

Postulates Germ theory (1876)

Identified microbes that caused anthrax (1876),
tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883)
Developed microbiological media & streak plates
for pure culture (1881)

Kochs Postulates

The specific causative agent must be found in every

case of the disease.
The disease organism must be isolated from the
lesions of the infected case and maintained in pure
culture.
The pure culture, inoculated into a susceptible or
experimental animal, should produce the symptoms of
the disease.
The same bacterium should be re-isolated in pure
culture from the intentionally infected animal.

Branches of Microbiology

Bacteriology: study of bacteria

Mycology: study of fungi
Immunology: study of immunity

Edward Jenner, UK: developed vaccination (1798)

Metchnikoff, RU: discovered phagocytes (1884)
Paul Ehrlich, DE: theory of immunity (1890)

Virology: study of viruses

Beijerinck, NE: discovered intracellular reproduction

of TMV; coined the term virus (1899)

Branches of Microbiology

Parasitology: study of protozoa and parasitic

worms
Chemotherapy

Treatment of disease by using chemical means

Antibiotics produced naturally
Synthetic drugs
Paul Ehrlich (1878) used arsenic compounds to
fight disease magic bullet

Branches of Microbiology

Chemotherapy

Alexander Fleming, Scotland (1928) discovered

penicillin
Selman Waksman, Ukraine (1944) discovered
streptomycin

Problems

Toxicity of drugs => Selective toxicity

Resistance of bacteria to drugs

Branches of Microbiology

Recombinant DNA Technology

Recombinant DNA
Genetic engineering/biotechnology
Microbial genetics mechanism by which
microbes inherit genes
Molecular biology structure and function
(expression) of genes
Molecular epidemiology/diagnostics

Branches of Microbiology

Biotechnology

GMOs/GEMs for industrial, pharmaceutical and

agricultural applications
Improvements of agriculture (plants and animals)
Gene therapy: inserting a missing gene or
replacing a defective one in human cells

Gene Splicing or Recombinant DNA

Bacteria can contain
Plasmids, which are circular
pieces of DNA. (Bacteria
dont have nuclei.)

Pieces of DNA with desired

characteristics can be obtained. (eg.
DNA which directs the production of
human insulin

A plasmid is cut using

an enzyme.
Desired DNA is inserted
into the plasmid.
It is glued back
together.
The plasmid is inserted
into a host bacteria.
The host bacteria
reproduce and the
offspring contain the
inserted DNA (eg. to
make human insulin etc.)

Expression of cloned genes in bacteria

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

1674

- 1st person to actually see living microorganisms

wee animalcules

Spontaneous Generation

Theory that life just spontaneously

developed from non-living matter

Example:

toads, snakes and mice - moist soil

flies and maggots - manure and decaying flesh

Experiments to disprove
Spontaneous Generation

Francesco Redi

1668

Rudolph Virchow

1858

Theory of Biogenesis

Cells can only arise from preexisting cells

Louis Pasteur

1861

Pasteur designed special swan-necked flasks

with a boiled meat infusion

Shape of flask allowed air in (vital force) but trapped

dust particles which may contain microbes

penemu

tahun

penyakit

Agen infeksi

Robert Koch

1876

anthrax

B. anthracis

Albert Neisser

1879

GO

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Charles laveran

1880

Malaria

Plasmodium sp

Carl Eberth

1880

Thypoid fever S. thypii

Robert Koch

1882

TBC

M. tuberculose

Edwin Klebs

1883

Diphtheria

C. diphtheriae

Theodore
Escherich

1884

Traveller diare,
Bladder infect

Escherichia coli

Robert Koch

1884

Cholera

Vibrio cholera

Shibasaburo kitasato

1889

tetanus

Clostridium tetani

Jelaskan mengapa untuk perkembangan

mikrobiologi teori generatio spontanea harus
dipatahkan
Menurut anda apa peran mikroorganisme bagi
tubuh anda
jelaskan tentang postulat koch
Tugas I ; 80
Tugas I A : 80