SUMMER TRAINING

PRESENTATION
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED
(BSNL)

Submitted to:

Submitted By :

INTRODUCTION
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
is a public sector
telecommunication
company of India.
BSNL is the
fifth largest mobile
telephony having a customer base of 12
crores as of june 2015.
BSNL has 12.9% marketshare in India.
Its head quarters are at Bharat Sanchar
Bhawan, Harish Chandra Mathur Lane,
Janpath New Delhi.

CONTENT
LEASED LINES
MLLN (MANAGED LEASED
LINES)
OPTICAL FIBER
MULTIPLEXING
PULSE CODE MODULATION

LEASED LINES
A leased line is a permanent fiber optic
or cable for
telephone connection between two
points set up
byleased
a telecommunications
carrier.
A
line is also sometimes
referred to
as a dedicated line.
These are generally used by in banks
,offices and many other places.

LEASED LINE - DIAGRAM

OPTICAL
FIBRE
OR
CABLE

BAN
K

BAN
K

DRAWBA
CK
No Centralized Monitoring or alarm or
performance monitering
Maximum data rate 64kbps for
broadbrand
To overcome this MLLN is
used
Here MLLN stands for
Managed Leased Line
Network

MANAGED LEASED LINE

NETWORK

The MLLN service is specially

designed mainly for having
effective control and
monitoring on the leased line
so that the down time is
minimized and the circuit
efficiency is increased. This
mainly deals with data circuits
ranging from 64 Kbps to 2048

MLLN
Control FEATURES
manage the leased line
network.
Using NMS, MLLN can provide high
speed Leased Line with improved
QoS, high availability.
Bandwidth management as per the
customer demand.
Except for connecting the local lead to
the MODEM all operations &
maintenance is carried out through
ROT (Remote Operating Terminal)
242 ROT upto 2003 and 178 new ROT
installed after 2003.

MLLN
Bandwidth Management as per customer
ADVANTAGES
requirement(64
Kbps and n*64 Kbps up to

to 2048 Kbps).
Saving the cost of modems. NTU is
provided by BSNL witout any charges.
Proactive maintenance.
Time dependent bandwidth.
Time dependent bandwidth:
MLLN system is capable for providing
deferential time dependent bandwidth on
request. Following parameters should be
considered which accepting the request.
Minimum period:
One month and in multiplies there of.
Minimum time per day:

OPTICAL FIBER
Generally through coaxial
cables the speed of
transmission was not so high ,
Thus Optical fibre is used to
increase the speed of
tramission
between
two
Optical fiber
consists
of points
a core
for
purpose.
.
andcommunication
a cladding layer,
selected
for total internal reflection due
to the difference in the
refractive index between the

PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL-FIBER

Fig-Principle of Optical -Fiber

Angle of incidence

1
n1
n2
2

Light is bent away

from normal

n1
n2

Angle of
reflection

n1
n2

Light does not enter

second material

Total Internal Reflection - The Reflection that

Occurs when a Ligh Ray Travelling in One
Material Hits a Different Material and
Reflects Back into the Original Material

MULTIPLEXING
Multiplexing (or muxing) is a
way of sending multiple signals
or streams of information over a
communication link at the same
time in the form of a single
complex signal; the receiver
recovers the separate signal a
process called demultiplexing
(or demuxing).

MULTIPLEXING
There
are basically two types of multiplexing
TECHNIQUES
techniques
1. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
2. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
1.Frequency Division Multiplexing Techniques
(FDM)
This technique permits a fixed frequency
band to every user in the complete channel
bandwidth. Such frequency slot is allotted
continuously to that user.
as an example consider that the channel
bandwidth is 1 MHz. let there be ten users,
each requiring upto 100 KHz bandwith.
Then the complete channel bandwidth of 1
MHz can be devided into ten frequency bands,

FDM techniques usually find their application in

analogue transmission systems. An analogue
transmission system is one which is used for
transmitting continuously varying signals.

Fig. FDM Principle

2. Time Division Multiplexing

When the pulse is present for a
short duration and for most of the time
between the two pulses, no signal is
present. This free space between the
pulses can be occupied by pulses from
other channels. This is known called Time
Division Multiplexing (TDM).
In TDM that signal to be multiplexed
are transmitted sequentially one after the
other. Each signal occupies a short time
slot .
Thus, the signals are isolated from
each other in the time domain, but all of
them occupy the same slot in the

Time Division
Multiplexing

PULSE CODE
MODULATION
Pulse code modulation is a digital
scheme for transmitting analog
data. The signals in PCM are
binary that is, there are only two
possible
states,
by to
PCM
systems
userepresented
TDM technique
logic 1 a
(high) and
logicof0 circuits
(low). on
provide
number
the same transmission
medium viz open wire or
underground cable pair or
a channel provided by carrier,
coaxial, microwave
or satellite system.

BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR

To
develop a
PCM signal from several analogue signals, the
PCM
SYSTEM
following processing steps are required
1. Filtering
2. Sampling
3. Quantisation
4. Encoding

1. FILTERING
Filters are used to limit the speech signal to the frequency
band 300-3400 Hz.
2. SAMPLING
sampling of the signal is the fundamental operation in
signal processing. A continuous time signal is first converted
to discrete time signal by sampling theorem.
Sampling theorem states :
A continuous time signal may be completely represented
in its samples and recovered back if the sampling frequency is
fs > = 2fm.
Here fs is sampling frequency and fm is maximum frequency

Sampling Process

3. Quantisation :
sometimes in communication systems it
is required to convert analog signal into
digital signal or can say to convert a
continuous time signal in the form of
digits.
For this purpose we get the samples of
analog signal the samples are taken at
equal time instants at the time axis and
at each of these time instants the
magnitude of the signal is measured and
this samples of the signals are taken .
now signal is in discrete time however
the sample can take any value in
continuous range, the signal is still an
analog signal this difficulty is resolved by

Quantizing is done for both positive and negative swings. As shown in

Fig., eight quantizing levels are used for each direction of the
analogue signal.
To indicate whether a sample is negative with
reference to zero or is positive with reference zero, an extra digit is
added to the binary code. This extra digit is called the "sign bit". In Fig.
positive values have a sign bit of ' 1 ' and negative values have sign
bit of'0'.

QUANTIZING - SIGNAL WITH + Ve & - Ve

VALUES

Encoding
Conversion of quantised analogue levels to binary signal is called encoding. To represent
256 steps, 8 level code is required. The eight bit code is also called an eight bit "word".
The 8 bit word appears in the form
P
ABC
WXYZ
Polarity bit 1

Segment Code

Linear encoding

for + ve 'O' for - ve.

The first bit gives the sign of the voltage to be coded. Next 3 bits gives the segment number. There
are 8 segments for the positive voltages and 8 for negative voltages. Last 4 bits give the position in the
segment. Each segment contains 16 positions. Referring to Fig. 9(b), voltage Vc will be encoded as 1 111
0101.

Encoding Curve with

Compression 8 Bit Code