ME-102 Engineering Graphics

Projection Angles
Lecture # 4

By: Muhammad Jawad Qarni

Research Associate

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences & Technology

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 Quadrants & Plane of projection

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 Quadrant System
 If the Horizontal and
the frontal planes are
extended to an infinite
distance, they will form 2nd Q 1st Q
a quadrant system.

 Each of the quadrant 3rd Q 4th Q

has specific name and
properties
Note
Q = Quadrant
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 Angle of Projection
 First angle of projection
Followed in Europe and some other countries.

 Third angle of projection

Followed by US and Canada. Mostly in followed in
Pakistan also.

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 1st angle of Projection
 The object is in between the plane and the
observer.
 The front view is formed on the frontal plane and
the top view on the horizontal plane.
 For presenting on paper the 1st and 3rd quadrant are
opened, and 2nd and 4th quadrant are closed.

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 Opening and Closing of Quadrants

II I

III IV

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 Example of 1st angle projection

Front View Object

Front View Side View

Top View
Top View

Final Presentation on paper

3-D Figure
If looking from Left

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 First Angle Projection

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 3rd angle of Projection
 The plane is in between the observer and the
object.
 The top view on the horizontal plane and the front
view is formed on the frontal plane.
 For presenting on paper the 1st and 3rd quadrant are
opened, and 2nd and 4th quadrant are closed.

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 Opening and Closing of Quadrants

II I

III IV

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 Example of 3rd angle projection

Top View

Top View

Front View Side View

Front View Final Presentation on paper

3-D Figure
If looking from Right

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 Third Angle Projection

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 Central and Related View

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 Projection of Points

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 General considerations in “POINT”
 The position of a point in the quadrant system can
be better judged by the provided statement.
 In front of Vertical plane (VP)
 Behind the Vertical plane (VP)
 Above the Horizontal plane (HP)
 Below the Horizontal plane (HP)
 The distance from the vertical plane is visible in
the top view.
 The distance from the Horizontal plane is visible in
the front view.

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 Example of point (in front and above)

Front View Point

Front View

HP x y

VP Top View
Top View

Final Presentation on paper

3-D Figure

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 Example of point (behind and above)

Front View
Front View
Point
Top View

HP x y

Top View VP

Final Presentation on paper

3-D Figure

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 Example of point (behind and below)

VP
Top View
Top View
Front View

HP x y

Front View

Point

Final Presentation on paper

3-D Figure

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 Example of point (in front of and below)

VP

Top View

HP x y

Front View
Front View Top View

Point Final Presentation on paper

3-D Figure

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 Example of point (lying on a plane)

Front View
Top View

HP x y

VP
Front View Top View

Point Final Presentation on paper

3-D Figure
(considering 1st angle projection)

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 Example of point (lying on origin)

Front View
Top View

HP x y

VP
Front View Top View

Point Final Presentation on paper

3-D Figure
(considering any quadrant)

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 Projection of Lines

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 General Consideration in “LINE”
 If a line is parallel to a plane, its projection on that
plane will be true length.
 If a line is perpendicular to a plane, its projection
on that plane will be a point.
 If a line is inclined to a plane, its projection on that
plane will be length shorter than actual.
 A line can never be perpendicular to two planes at
a time.
 If a line is inclined to both the horizontal and
vertical, no projection will be of true length (we are
not considering side view).
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 Example of line (parallel to both the planes)

Front View
Line

Front View

HP x y
Top View
VP
Top View

Final Presentation on paper

3-D Figure
(considering any 1st angle)

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 Example of line (Perpendicular to one)

Front View
Line

Front View

HP x y
Top View
VP
Top View

Final Presentation on paper

3-D Figure
(considering any 1st angle)

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 Example of line (inclined to one plane)

Front View
Line

Front View
3

HP x y
Top View
VP 1
Top View
2

3-D Figure Final Presentation on paper

(line being incline to the vertical (considering any 1st angle)
and parallel to the horizontal) 1,2,3 shows sequence of steps
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 Example of line (inclined to both plane)
Note:
Line
1-2: (θ) Angle with VP

Front View 3-4: (Φ) Angle with HP

4
Front View
Φ 3

HP x y
Top View
VP 1
Top View
2 θ
5

3-D Figure Final Presentation on paper

(line being incline to the vertical (considering any 1st angle)
As well as horizontal) 1,2,3 shows sequence of steps
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 True Length of a Line

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 Line inclined to both planes

 A line which is inclined to both the HP and VP is

said to be oblique.
 Neither its front view nor its top view show its true
length.
 The true length can be determined by an auxiliary
projection method technique

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 True length of a Line
Method:
Line as a generator
Font
of cone. View

Top
View

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 True length of a Line
Step 1:
With center ‘b’ and radius Step 1 Step 2
‘ba’draw an arc to give
‘ba1’, parallel to XY line.

Step 2:
In front view ‘a’ is
extended horizontally
parallel to XY line.

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 True length of a Line
Step 3:
Project ‘a1’ in top view Step 3 Step 4
into front view.

Step 4:
Join ‘b’ to ‘a2’ to give the
true length of ‘ab’ and ‘θ’
its angle with HP.

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 Thanks…

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