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The Integumentary System
The Integumentary System
The Integumentary System
Chapter 6
Mucous membranes
Line cavities that open to the exterior
Layer of epithelium over connective tissue;
epithelium varies with location
Tight junctions and goblet cells
Functions:
1. Regulation of body temperature
Cellular metabolism produces heat as a
waste product .
High temperature
Dilate surface blood vessels
Sweating
Low temperature
Surface vessels constrict
shivering
2. Protection
physical abrasion
dehydration
ultraviolet radiation
3. Sensation
touch
vibration
pain
temperature
4. Excretion
5. Immunity/ Resistance
6. Blood Reservoir
8-10 % in a resting adult
7. Synthesis of vitamin D
uv light
aids absorption of calcium
Anatomy
Epidermis
Skin
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
Epidermis
Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
Single layer of cuboidal to columnar cells
Stem cells that produce keratinocytes
Melanocytes - # the same for all races
Melanin produced in a melanosome
Stratum granulosum
3-5 layers
Keratinization begins here
Keratohyalin found in granules
Cells beginning to die
Dermis
Connective tissue layer
Collagen and elastic fibers, nerves, blood
vessels, muscle fibers, adipose cells, hair
follicles and glands.
Papillary layer
1/5 of dermis loose areolar connective
tissue
Highly vascular
Dermal papillae - fingerprints
Hypodermis
Attaches the reticular layer to the
underlying organs
Loose connective tissue and adipose
tissue
Major blood vessels rete cutaneum
Nails
Plates of highly packed, keratinized cells
Protection, scratching, & manipulation
Formed by cells in nail bed called the
matrix ( in area of lunula)
1 mm / week
Eponychium - cuticle
Skin Glands
Sebaceous (oil) glands
Usually connected to hair follicles
Holocrine glands
Fats, cholesterol, proteins, salts, and cell
debris
Moistens hair and waterproofs skin
Ceruminous glands
Modified sudoriferous glands
Secrete cerumen (ear wax)
Mammary glands
Secrete milk
Skin color
Genetic factors
Same number of melanocytes
Albinism
Environmental factors
Uv light or x-rays
Physiological factors
Amount of blood
Amount of oxygen
Cyanosis
Carotene accumulation
Jaundice liver disorder
Wound healing
Inflammation
Blood vessels dilate and become permeable
Heat, redness, swelling and pain
Shallow cuts
Epithelial cells migrate
Contact inhibition
Deeper wounds
Inflammatory phase
Fibrin forms clot
Migratory phase
Fibroblasts make granulation tissue
Proliferative phase
Maturation phase
Scars hypertrophic scar
keloid
Burns
First degree or partial thickness burn
Only epidermis is damaged
Erythema, mild edema, surface layer shed
Healing a few days to two weeks
No scarring
Rule of Nines