WATER RESOURCES OF

PAKISTAN-PROBLEMS OF
DEVELOPMENT

PRESENTATION
BY
DR MOHAMMAD SAID
&
CURRENT DEBATE ON WATER
RESOURCES HAS TWO
DIMENSIONS:

• POLITICAL
• TECHNICAL
IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION
• Pakistan is a semi-arid country
• 80% of the area receives Annual Rainfall less than 30″
•Agriculture without irrigation is not possible.
• Irrigation is carried out by the following means:
– Canals
Inundation Canals
Perennial Canals
– Wells
Dug-out wells
Tubewells
– Springs
Artisan
Torrents
SOURCES OF WATER (Q) IN OUR RIVERS:
– RAINFALL
– SNOW MELTING
– GLACIERS
– SPRINGS
LAND USE IN PAKISTAN
WATER AVAILIBILITY IN PAKISTAN
BACKGROUND
 EXISTING SURFACE STORAGES
PROJECT RIVER HT. OF DAM LIVE STORAGE POWER PURPOSE
  (MW)  
FT M MAF BCM
 

TARBELA (1976) INDUS 485 147.8   9.30 11.38  3478  I,P

MANGLA (1966) JHELUM 380  115.8  4.82  5.90  1000  I,P
CHASHMA (1971) INDUS -  -  0.61  0.75  -  I,P
WARSAK (1960) KABUL 250  76.2  0.04  0.05  240  I,P
BARAN DAM (1962) KURRAM   107 32.6 0.03 0.04 4 I,P
HUB (1983)  HUB 151  46.0 0.76  0.93  -  I,W
KHANPUR (1984) HARO 167  50.9 0.09  0.11  - I,W 
TANDA (1965) KOHAT TOI 115  35.0 0.06  0.07  - I 
RAWAL (1962) KURANG 114  34.7 0.04  0.05  - W 
SIMLY DAM (1972) SOAN 215  65.5 0.02  0.02  - W 
BKD KHAN (1900 ) PISHIN 35  10.7 0.04  0.05  - I 
HAMAL LAKE - -  - 0.08  0.09  - I 
MANCHAR LAKE INDUS -  - 0.75  0.92  - I 
KINJHAR LAKE INDUS -  - 0.32  0.39  - I,W 
CHOTIARI LAKE INDUS -  - 0.78  0.95   - I 
    TOTAL 17.74  21.90  4722   

I - IRRIGATION P- POWER W- WATER SUPPLY 1 MAF = 1.224 BCM

RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION (MAF)
 SURFACE STORAGE SITES – INDUS RIVER & TRIBUTATIES

PROJECT RIVER HT. OF DAM LIVE POWER PURPOS STATUS

  STORAGE (MW) E
FT M MAF BCM  

YUGO SYHOK 540 164.5 4.82 5.90 1000 I,P R

SKARDU INDUS 755 230.1 15.52 18.99 4000 I,P R
KATZARA INDUS - 35.00 42.82 15000 R

BASHA INDUS 660 201.1 5.70 6.98 3360 I,P PF

KALABAG H INDUS 260 79.3 6.10 7.46 3600 I,P C
KALAM SWAT 450 137.1 0.26 0.32 110 I,P R
MIR KHANI CHITRAL 410 124.9 0.58 0.71 150 I,P R
KHAZANA PANJKORA 380 115.8 0.56 0.68 110 I,P R
MUNDA SWAT 700 213.2 0.67 0.82 740  I,P  F
       

I.IRRIGATION R- RECONNAISSANCE STUDY COMPLETED FT. FEET

P-POWER F- FEASIBILITY STUDY COMPLETED M: METERS
LOCATION OF DAM SITES
 KALABAGH DAM

SALIENT FEATURES
• GROSS STORAGE 7.9 MAF
• LIVE STORAGE 6.1 MAF
• RETENTION LEVEL915 FT.
• CREST ELEVATION 940 FT.
• MAX HEIGHT 260 FT.
• HYDRO POWER 2,400/ 3,600 MW
• NO. OF UNITS8/12
• ESTIMATED COST US $ 6.1 BILLION
PROBLEMS
• SHORT LIFE DUE TO HEAVY SEDIMENTATION
• POWER HOUSES CLOSURE FOR 3 MONTHS
• DISPLACEMENT OF POPULATION (1,20,000)
– PUNJAB 78,000
– NWFP 42,000
• SUBMERGENCE OF FERTILE LAND (27,500 ACRES)
PUNJAB: TOTAL 24,500
– BARANI 21,000
– IRRIGATED 2,900
NWFP: TOTAL 3,000
– BARANI 2,900
– IRRIGATED 100
• DRAINAGE PROBLEMS OF PESHAWAR VALLEY
• FLOODS IN KABUL RIVER
• EFFECTS ON INDUS DELTA MANGROVE FORESTS.
• ADVERSE EFFECTS ON RIVERINE AREA
DRAINAGE LEVEL IN KABUL VALLEY WITH KALABAGH
 BASHA DAM

– GROSS STORAGE 9.04 MAF

– LIVE STORAGE 7.30 MAF
– HYDRO POWER 4,500 MW
– HEIGHT OF DAM 913 FT.
– TOTAL COST $ 6.5 BILLION
– ELEVATION RESERVOIR ASL 3819 FT.
– AREA UNDER RESERVOIR 32,000 ACRES
 PROBLEMS

• DISPLACEMENT OF POPULATION 24,350

PERSONS IN 32 VILLAGES
• SUBMERGENCE OF KKH 110 KM
• LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND 1,600 ACRES
• COST OF RESETTLEMENT $ 200 M
 KATZARAH DAM

SALIENT FEATURES
• GROSS STORAGE 35 MAF
• LIVE STORAGE ?
• HYDRO POWER 15000 MW
• HEIGHT 860 FT.
• COST NOT WORKED-OUT
• PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDIES IN PROGRESS
 PROBLEMS

• SUBMERGENCE OF LAND 80,000 ACRES

• ROADS AFFECTED 40 KM
• DISPLACED POPULATION 1,60,000 PERSONS
• SKARDU AIRPORT WOULD BE SUBMERGED
• POWER DISPERSAL VERY DIFFICULT
 AKHORI RESERVOIR

SALIENT FEATURES
• GROSS STORAGE 14 MAF
• LIVE STORAGE 6 MAF
• HEIGHT 418 FT.
• COST $ 5 BILLION
 PROBLEMS

• PERSONS DISPLACED 49,300

• ROADS AFFECTED 97 KM
• LAND SUBMERGENCE 59,200 ACRES
PROVINCIAL VIEWS ON MEGA DAMS
 CONCLUSION

• Water resources must be developed on priority

basis
• Feasibility study should be carried out of all
potential sites
• The retention level of Kalabagh dam (915 ft) should
be further reduced to protect Peshawar valley from
water-logging
• Work on Basha dam, which is not controvercial,
should be taken-up followed by Akhori and
Katzarah
Thanks for the attention
and interest