POWER ELECTRONICS

CIRCUITS, DEVICES, AND

APPLICATIONS

EPE 352
POWER ELECTRONICS
DC-DC CONVERTERS

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Step Down Converter

t1
t1 f s
Ts

Vo ( average ) kVS Vo ( rms ) k VS

R

VS
I o ( average )

VS
R

kVS / R k

Constant frequency operation

Variable
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frequency operation
3

PWM Waveform
Generation

Vr
vr t
T
Vcr
k
Vr

which is also called the modulation voltage, M

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Step Down Operation with RL Load

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Step Down Operation with RL Load

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di1
VS Ri1 L
E
dt
For i1 (t 0) I1

Modes of Operation

VS E
tR / L
i1 (t ) I1e

R
i1 (t t1 kT ) I 2
di2
0 Ri2 L
E
dt
For i2 (t 0) I 2
E
tR / L
i2 (t ) I 2 e
1 e tR / L
R
i2 (t t2 (1 k )T ) I 3 I 3 I1
tR / L

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Modes of Operation
VS E
At t kT I 2 I1e

1 e kTR / L

R
E
TR T
(1 k )TR / L
(1 k ) kTR / L
At t (1 k )T I 3 I1 I 2e
1 e
z

R
L
kTR / L

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VS e kz 1
V S e kz 1 E
E
I1 z
I2 z
R e 1
R
R e 1
R
VS 1 e kz e z e (1 k ) z
I I 2 I1
R
1 e z
d (I )
0 k 0.5
dk
VS
VS
R
I max tanh
;
R
4 fl 4 fL
8

Discontinuous Operation
I1 0
VS E
1 e tR / L

R
i1 (t t1 kT ) I 2
i1 (t )

At t kT

I2

VS E
1 e kz

t2

L
RI
ln 1 2
R
E

L
VS E
kz
ln 1
1

R
E

For a continuous load current

VS e kz 1
E
For I1 0

0
z
R e 1
R
e kz 1 E
0
z
e 1 VS
which gives
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E e kz 1
x
z
VS e 1
9

di
vL L
dt

Step-Up
Operation
V

t1

The average output voltage

I
t1
vo VS L
VS 1
t2
t2

1
VS
1 k

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Step-Up
Operation
V

di1
VS L
i1 (t ) S t I1
dt
L
di
For 1 0 VS 0
dt
VS L

di2
E
dt

i2 (t )

VS E
t I2
L

di2
For
0 VS E
dt

For controllable power

0 VS E
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VS L

di1
dt

Step-Up Operation
i1 (t )

I 2 i1 (t kT )

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VS
t I1
L

VS
kT I1
L

12

Converter Classifications

1st Quadrant converter

2nd Quadrant converter

1st and 2nd quadrant
3rd and 4th quadrant
Four-quadrant

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1 Quadrant Converter
st

Both the voltage and the current are positive

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2 Quadrant Converter
nd

The

voltage is positive and the current is negative

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2 Quadrant Converter
nd

diL
0 L RiL E
dt
E
tR / L
iL (t ) I1e
1 e tR / L
R
At t t1 kT iL (t t1 kT ) I 2
diL
E
dt
V E
iL (t ) I 2e tR / L S
1 e tR / L

R
At t t2 (1 k )T iL (t t 2 (1 k )T ) I1

VS RiL L

VS 1 e (1 k ) z E
I1

z
R 1 e
R
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VS e kz e z E
I2

z
R 1 e
R
16

1 and 2 Quadrant
Converter
and D

st
S1 and D4

S4

nd

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3 and 4 Quadrant
Converter
and D

rd
S3 and D2

S2

th

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18

Four Quadrant Converter

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Switching Mode
Regulators

Buck Regulator
Boost Regulator
Buck-Boost Regulator
Cuk Regulator

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Buck Regulator

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Buck Regulator
Va kVS

I S kI a

VS k (1 k )
I
fL
I VS k (1 k )
VC

8 fC
8 f 2CL
The critical values for a continuous inductor current and
capacitor voltage

(1 k ) R
Lc L
2f
1 k
Cc C
16 Lf 2
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Boost Regulator

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VS
Va
1 k

Ia
IS
1 k

Boost
Regulator
Vk
S

fL

I a Va VS I a k
VC

Va fC
fC

The critical values for a continuous

inductor current and capacitor voltage

k 1 k R
Lc L
2f
k
Cc C
2 fR
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Buck-Boost Regulator

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Va

Buck-Boost Regulator

kVS
1 k

VC

IS

kI a
1 k

VS k
fL

I a Va
I k
a
(Va VS ) fC fC

The critical values for a continuous inductor

current and capacitor voltage

k 1 k R
Lc L
2f
k
Cc C
2 fR
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Cuk Regulator

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Cuk Regulator
kVS
Va
1 k
VS k
I1
fL1

kI a
IS
1 k
VS k
I 2
fL2

IS 1 k
I S VS
VC1

(VS Va ) fC1
fC1
VC 2

Va (1 k )
kVS

2
8C2 L2 f
8C2 L2 f 2
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Cuk Regulator

The

critical values for a continuous inductor

current and capacitor voltage

Lc1 L1

1 k

Lc 2 L2

1 k R

2kf
2f

k
Cc1 C1
2 fR
1
Cc 2 C2
8 fR
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Rectified Fed
Converter

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Input Filter

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Summary

A dc-dc can convert a fixed dc voltage to a

variable dc voltage.
A four-quadrant converter allows power flow
to and from load.
Switching mode converter can produce output
voltage higher and lower than the input voltage.
The rectifier fed boost converter is commonly
used for unity power factor correction (UPFC).

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