Macromechanics -1

Generalized Hookes law for anisotropic

lamina

Three steps in composites design

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15/11/2006

Properties of laminated structures

Macromechanics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Generalized Hookes law for anisotropic lamina

Classical lamination theory (CLT)
Hygrothermal stresses in laminates
Prediction of failure: failure criteria
Strength of laminates

Properties of laminated structures

Properties of laminated structures

Properties of single ply

Generalised Hookes law for anisotropic media
Stress-strain relationship in plane of orthotropy
Stress-strain relationship in arbitrary coordinate system

Properties of a laminate

Properties of laminated structures

Hookes law of linear anisotropic elasticity

The constitutive equation of a linear anisotropic solid is given by

ij Cijkl kl
ij = components of the stress tensor
kl = components of the strain tensor
Cijkl = components of the elastic property tensor
i,j,k,l = 1,2,3

Cijkl C jikl Cijlk Cklij

It can be shown that

This means that a general anistropic solid has 21 independent

elastic constants Cijkl
11 C1111

22 C1122
C
33 1133
23 C1123
C
31 1131
C
12 1112

C1122 C1133 C1123 C1131 C1112

C 2222 C3322 C 2322 C3122 C1222

C 2233 C3333 C 2333 C3133 C1233

C 2223 C3332 C 2323 C3123 C1223

C 2231 C3331 C 2331 C3131 C1231

C 2212 C3312 C 2312 C3112 C1212

Properties of laminated structures

11

22

33
2 23
2
31

2
12

Hookes law of linear anisotropic elasticity

ij Cijkl kl

This equation is written in the coordinate system x i relative to base

vectors ei
'ij C'ijkl 'kl

In a different coordinate system xi relative to base vectors ei:

'ij aim a jn mn
'kl akp alq pq
where

C'ijkl aim a jn akp alqCmnpq

aij e'i e j

Changing from tensor to compact notation:

1 11 ; 2 22 ; 3 33
4 23 ; 5 31 ; 6 12
1 11 ; 2 22 ; 3 33
4 2 23 ; 5 231 ; 6 212
Properties of laminated structures

Hookes law of linear elastic anisotropy

Generalised Hookes law reads

i Cij j
Where the stiffness coefficients Cij are given by identification, e.g.

The stiffness matrix [Cij] is symmetric. It does not transform like a

tensor

The compliance matrix [Sij] is the inverse of the stiffness matrix:

S C 1

i Sij j

A General anisotropic material has 21 independent elastic constants

that describe the stress-strain behaviour in the linear elastic regime
21 stiffness coefficients
21 compliance coefficients
Properties of laminated structures

Material symmetries reduce the number of

independent elastic coefficients

Materials are classified according to symmetries:

Triclinic: no symmetries
21 independant elastic constants
Monoclinic: one plane of symmetry
Orthotropic: three orthogonal planes of symmetry
Transversely isotropic: one plane of isotropy
Isotropic

One plane of symmetry (x1-x2): monoclinic material

Elastic coefficients are invariant to the following transformation

x'1 x1 ; x'2 x2 ; x'3 x3

1 0 0

aij 0 1 0
0 0 1

'i Cij ' j

Properties of laminated structures

Monoclinic material

Using transformation law for tensor components, we find

Ci 4 C i 5 0
for i 1,2,3,6
C j1 C j2 C j3 C j6 0
for i 4,5

We thus have
1 C11

2 C12
C
3 13
4 0
0
5
C
6 16

C12
C 22
C 23
0
0
C 26

C13
0
C 23
0
C33
0
0
C 44
0
C 45
C36
0

0
0
0
C 45
C55
0

C16

C 26
C36

0
0

C66

2

3
4

5

6

We now have 13 independent elastic constants

In another coordinate system, the stiffness matrix is in general fully

populated, but only 13 coefficients are independent
Properties of laminated structures

Orthotropic material

Three orthogonal planes of symmetry

Define the coordinate axes xi by the symmetry
planes
In these axes of orthotropy, Hookes law
reduces to
C11

C12
C
13

4

5

6

2

3

0
0
0

C12
C 22
C 23

C13
C 23
C33

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

C 44
0
0

0
C55
0

2

3
0 4
0 5

C66 6
0
0
0

Only 9 independent elastic constants for orthotropic materials

In the orthotropy axes:
No coupling between normal stresses 1, 2, 3 and shear strains 4, 5, 6
No coupling between shear stresses 4, 5, 6 and normal strains 1, 2, 3
Coupling will occur in any coordinate system other than orthotropy axes!
Properties of laminated structures

10

Transversely isotropic material

One plane of isotropy

Every plane containing x1 axis is plane of symmetry
Plane (x2-x3) is the isotropy plane
Hookes law reduces to
1 C11

2 C12
C12
3
4 0

5 0

6 0

C12
C 22
C 23

C12
C 23
C 22

0
0

0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

1
C 22 C 23 0
2
0
C66
0
0

3
0 4

0 5

C66 6
0
0
0

In all systems of coordinate such that (x2-x3) is the isotropy plane

Only 5 independent elastic constants for transversely isotropic solids

Properties of laminated structures

11

Isotropic material

Any plane is a plane of symmetry

Stiffness matrix [Cij] is independent of coordinate system
Hookes law reads in any coordinate system :
C12
C11
C12

C12
C12
C11

0
0

2

3
4

5

6

C11

C12
C
12

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

1
C11 C12
2

1
C11 C12
2

1
2

3
4

5
6

1
C11 C12

Only 2 independent elastic coefficients for isotropic materials

Other notation: classical Lam
1 coefficients

C11 C12
2
ij 2 ij mmij
C12

Properties of laminated structures

12

Engineering constants for orthotropic materials

Tension Youngs moduli and Poissons ratios

In the orthotropy axes, Hookes law reads:

Simple tension in direction 1: 1 = constant and i = 0 for i = 2, 3, , 6

0
0
0
1 S11 S12 S13

S
S
S
0
0
0
2 12

22
23
S
S23 S33
0
0
0
3
13

0
0 S44
0
0
4 0
0
0
0
0 S55
0
5

0
0
0
0
0 S66
6

Hookes law gives

2

3
4

5

6

1 S111 2 S12 1 3 S131

4 5 6 0

Only normal strains are induced by tension in an orthotropy direction

Properties of laminated structures

13

Engineering constants for orthotropic materials-2

Youngs modulus in orthotropy direction 1:

1
E1 1
1 S11

Poissons ratios :

12

2
E1S12
1

13

3
E1S13
1

Simple tension in orthotropy directions 2 and 3 yields :

1
1
E2
E3
S 22
S33
21 E2 S12 23 E2 S 23
31 E3S13 32 E3S23
31E1 13 E3 21E1 12 E2

32 E2 23 E3

Properties of laminated structures

14

Engineering constants for orthotropic materials-3

Shear Shear moduli

Uniform shear s6 applied to (x1-x2) coordinate plane :

6 S666

i 0 i 1,2 ,...,5

Only shear deformation is induced in the orthotropy axes

Associated shear modulus :

1
G12 6
6 S66

Similarly, for shear tests applied to (x2-x3) and (x1-x3) planes :

1
G23 4
G13 5
4 S 44
5 S55

Properties of laminated structures

15

Engineering constants for orthotropic materials-4

Graphic representation of the engineering constants

Properties of laminated structures

16

Stress-strain relations for orthotropic

materials in terms of engineering constants

In the axes of orthotropy, Hookes law reads

1
E1
12
E1
13
E1

12
E1
1
E2
23
E2

13
E1
23
E2
1
E3

3

4

5

6

1
G23

1
G13

Properties of laminated structures

0


0

G12

2
3

4
5

17

Stress-strain relations for orthotropic

materials in terms of engineering constants-2

By inversion, we get the stiffness coefficients Cij in terms of

engineering constants :

E
C11 E1 1 3 223 D
E2

C12 C21 E212 E313 23 D

C13 C31 E3 12 23 13 D

E 2
C22 E2 1 3 13
D

E1

E
C23 C32 3 E1 23 E21213 D
E1

E 2
C33 E3 1 2 12
D
E

1
E
E
2 E3
2 E2
where D 1 1 2 3 1213 23 13
223 3 12
E1
E1
E2
E1
C44 G23 C55 G13 C66 G12
Properties of laminated structures

18

Stress-strain relations for (transversely) isotropic

materials in terms of engineering constants

Transversely isotropic with (x2-x3) as isotropy plane :

S 22 S33

S12 S13

S 44 2 S22 S 23
And thus

E2 E3
G12 G13

S55 S66

12 13
E2
G23
21 23

For isotropic solids :

E1 E2 E3 E
12 13 23
G12 G13 G23 G

21

Properties of laminated structures

19

Hookes law for orthotropic materials under

state of plane stress

Applies to thin orthotropic plies or laminae

If (1-2) is orthotropy plane, state of plane stress means

3 4 5 0
3 13 1 23 2
E1
E2
Stress-strain relations reduce to
12
1
and
0

E
E
1
1
1
1

12

2 E1
2
E2

1 6
0
6 0
G12

0 1
1 Q11 Q12

Q
Q
0

2 12
2
22
0
0 Q66 6
6
E1
1 2 E2

Q11
where

12

12 E 2
1 2 E2

Q12

12

E2
1 2 E2

Q 22

E1

E1

12

E1

Q 66 G12

Properties of laminated structures

20

Stress-strain relations for orthotropic ply

of arbitrary orientation

Goal: write stress-strain relation in

coordinate system (x-y) other than
orthotropy axis (1-2)
Angle between x and 1 is

Tensor transformation laws can be derived

for stresses: equilibrium of forces on unit plane

for strains: projection of displacement vectors

x
1

2 T y


12
xy
2
m2
n
2mn

T n2 m2 2mn

mn mn m 2 n 2

m cos
n sin

x
1

2 T y
2
2
12
xy

m2
n2
n2
m2
2mn 2mn

Properties of laminated structures

mn
mn
m2 n2

21

Compliance tensor for orthotropic ply of

arbitrary orientation-2

In the (x-y) system, Hookes law reads

Where

S T 1S T

x S xx

y S xy
2 S
xy

xs

S xy
S yy
S ys

S xs

S ys
S ss

y

xy

Stress in (x,y) -> Stress in 1,2) -> strain in (1;2) -> strain in (x,y)

Algebra yields : S xx m 4 S11 m 2 n 2 2 S12 S66 n 4 S 22

S xy m 2 n 2 S11 S22 S66 S12 m 4 n 4

S yy n 4 S11 m 2 n 2 2 S12 S66 m 4 S 22

S ys 2mn3 S11 S12 2m3n S12 S22 mn m 2 n 2 S66

2 2
2 2
2
2 2
S ss 4m n S11 S12 4m n S12 S 22 m n S66
S xs 2m3n S11 S12 2mn3 S12 S 22 mn m 2 n 2 S66

with m cos , n sin

15/11/2006

Properties of laminated structures

22

Stiffness tensor for orthotropic ply of

arbitrary orientation

In the (x-y) system, Hookes law reads

Where

Q T 1 Q T

x Qxx

y Qxy
Q
xy xs

Qxy
Q yy
Q ys

Qxs

Q ys
Qss

y
2
xy

Strain in (x,y) -> strain in (1,2) -> stress in (1,2) -> stress in (x,y)

Algebra yields :

Qxx m 4Q11 2m 2n 2 Q12 2Q66 n 4Q22

Qxy m 2n 2 Q11 Q22 4Q66 Q12 m 4 n 4

Q yy n 4Q11 2m 2n 2 Q12 2Q66 m 4Q22

Q ys mn3 Q11 Q12 m3n Q12 Q22 2mn m 2 n 2 Q66

2 2
2
2 2
Qss m n Q11 Q22 2Q12 m n Q66
Qxs m3n Q11 Q12 mn3 Q12 Q22 2mn m 2 n 2 Q66

with m cos , n sin

Shear-extension coupling occurs if (x-y) is different from (1-2)

Properties of laminated structures

23

Stress-strain relations for orthotropic ply

of arbitrary orientation
isotropic

orthotropic
loaded
// orthotropy axis

Properties of laminated structures

general orthotropic
or anisotropic

24

Engineering constants for orthotropic ply

of arbitrary orientation

Pure tension x yields

x S xx x y S xy x

This defines the apparent engineering constants :

y
S xy

1
Ex x
xy
x S xx
x
S xx

xy , x

2 xy

S xs
S xx

2 xy S xs x

Due to shear-extension coupling

S xy
S ys
1
E y tension along
xy , y of the y-axis yields
yx the direction
Similarly, pure
S yy
S yy
S yy

Properties of laminated structures

25

Engineering constants for orthotropic ply of

arbitrary orientation-2

Simple shear xy yields

x S xs xy y S ys xy

This defines the different apparent engineering constants :

xy
1
Gxy

2 xy S ss

x, xy

2 xy S ss xy

y
S ys
x
S xs

y , xy

2 xy S ss
2 xy S ss

The coupling coefficients

satisfy
the

following relations :
xy, x

Ex

x , xy

G xy

xy, y

Ey

y, xy

G xy

Properties of laminated structures

26

Engineering constants for orthotropic ply of

arbitrary orientation-3

In terms of apparent engineering constants, Hookes law reads

1
Ex

xy

y
2 E x
xy

xy ,x
Ex

xy
Ex
1
Ey
xy ,y
Ey

xy ,x

Ex
xy ,y x
y
Ey

xy

1
Gxy

Properties of laminated structures

27

Engineering constants for orthotropic ply of

arbitrary orientation-4

Directional dependence of apparent engineering constants :

1 2 12
1
1
1
n 4
m4
m 2 n 2

Ex
E1
E1
E2
G12

1
1
1

xy E x 12 m 4 n 4 m 2 n 2

E1 E2 G12
E1
1 2 12
1
1
1
m 4
n4
m 2 n 2

Ey
E1
E1
E2
G12

xy , x
xy , y

2 2 12
1
2 12
1
3 2
mn

E x m n

E1 G12
E1 G12
E1
E2

2 2 12
1
2 12
1
3 2

E y mn

m n

E1 G12
E1 G12
E1
E2

2
1
2 4 12
1
1
m 2 n 2
2m 2 n 2

Gxy
E1 G12
G12
E1 E2

Properties of laminated structures

28

Engineering constants for orthotropic ply

of arbitrary orientation

Illustration : Variation of engineering constants as a function of the

loading angle
For glass-epoxy
(Vf= 15%)

Properties of laminated structures

29

Engineering constants for orthotropic ply

of arbitrary orientation

Illustration : Variation of engineering constants as a function of

the loading angle
For carbon-epoxy
(Vf= 15%)

Properties of laminated structures

30

Polar plot
Glass-epoxy

carbon-epoxy

Properties of laminated structures

31

Engineering constants for orthotropic ply

of arbitrary orientation

15/11/2006

Illustration : Variation of the tensile modulus as a function of for

carbon-epoxy (T8OO, Vf=80%), absolute values

Properties of laminated structures

32