FILTRATION

AMEERUDDIN BIN ASA-ARI

NABILA SHAFIQAH DABIMEL
NURLIYANA SHAHADAN

What is filtration??
Process of separating suspended solid matter from liquid
through the pores of some substance called a filter.

Types of filtration
Macrofiltration
simplest and less expesive
Filtration of particles that 5m or greater

 Microfiltration
Separation of particles or microbes that only be seen with the aid
of microscope
Example: cells, macrophage, cellular debris and etc
Pore size ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 m

 Ultrafiltration
Ability to purify, separate and concentrate target macromolecules
in continuous system
Did it by pressurizing the solution flow
The solvent and other dissolved components that pass through
the membrane are known as permeate. Do not pass through is
retentate.

Strainers
What is strainer?
A device having holes punched in it or made of
crossed wires for separating solid matter from a
liquid.
Synonym to filter.
Device use for physical treatment.
Strainers are produced so there would be no
frequent interruption on industrial processes.

How it Works?
Strainers are used by separating solid from liquids and catching dirt and
debris.
They act as a filter trapping large particles.
By doing so, the particles would not continue to the system and will have
expensive pipeline equipment such as pumps, engines, valves, heat
exchangers, nozzles and others protected from harmful flow
contamination.
Since they would be dealing mostly with liquids, they are made from
copper and aluminium which are known for their corrosion resistant
property.
Strainers are applied both in residential and industrial facilities.
They come in various designs and sizes and can even be customized
according to the requirement of the application.
This device can be bought in hardware.
Custom designed strainers can be requested to manufacturers.

 Some strainers can totally block the flow of liquid or filter particle while
allowing the fluid to continue running.
The function can be controlled through a handle.
By constant use, the strainer will clog with materials that reached it and
held back.
In order to keep the system running, the materials in the strainer need
to be cleared periodically.
To do this successfully, one has to make sure first that there is no fluid
running before removing the strainer.
Clearing the clog in strainers vary depending on their type.
There are three types of strainers and each one contains feature
appropriate for different industrial applications.

Y-Strainer

Duplex Basket

Types of Strainers

T-type

Y-strainers
The most common type of strainers is Y-strainer.
Its name is derived from its y-shaped form.
This type is commonly used in pressurized lines,
steam, liquid or gas, but can also be applied in
vacuum or suction situation.
It has low resistance to fluid passage or straight
passage which in turn results to low pressure loss.
This is why y-strainers are being utilized for
applications where only small amounts of solid
particulates are expected to be drained and frequent
clean out would not be necessary.

How it works?

Why Y-strainers?
Its compact, cylindrical shape is very strong and can handle high
pressures.
It is, literally, a pressure vessel.
Y-Strainers which handle pressures up to 6000 psi are not uncommon.
The design of the strainer is critical so that it can stand up to these
high pressures without fear of failure. When high pressure steam is
being handled, another complicating factor arises, temperature.
With steam pressures of 1500 psi or higher, standard carbon steel is
sometimes not suitable because the steam temperature may be
1000 F or higher.
In these cases, the Y-Strainer body is generally made of chromemoly steel.

 Besides steam, Y-Strainers are often used in air

and natural gas applications where high pressures
are not uncommon. However, unlike steam, high
air pressure does not automatically mean high
temperature and so, ordinary carbon steel bodies
of sufficient wall thickness will generally suffice.
Some manufactures reduce the size of the Y
-Strainer body to save material and cut cost.

Duplex Basket-Type
More suitable for robust chemical and abrasive applications.
It is designed so there will be no interruption (continuously)
on the process during the cleaning of the strainer.
This type of basket strainer has two separate strainer basket
chambers that operate independently. When one basket
chamber becomes full, the flow is switched to the other
allowing the first basket to be pulled out and cleaned.
This way, the operator is allowed to remove the strainer,
clear the particles in it and put it back without disrupting the
process.
Ideal for applications where pipelines cannot be shut down
for basket changeout.

T-type Basket
Most appropriate to use in pipeline systems.
To increase efficiency, ensure leak tightness and achieve
utmost protection of control valves, it is recommended to
install the strainer first before the shut-off control valves.
This way, dirt particles will be prevented from entering and
reaching the main shut-off valve and control valves.
Some of the common installations of basket-type strainers
include chemical processing, food and beverage, waste
and water treatment, pulp and paper, pharmaceutical,
agriculture, aquatics, water parks and marine.

How does it Works?

Type of Strainers

Basket

Tee

Cone

How does it look like?

Advantages
Very easy to install as well as easy to remove from in
between two flanges in a pipeline system
Can be used for short terms such as during start-up periods
or reconditioning process
No moving parts
Takes up less space
Low cost and weight

Disadvantages
All debris collects directly in the path of the process stream
Can be serviced only off line
High pressure drop
Low effective filtration area

Filter Press
It is a separation process, specially employed by solid or
liquid separation using the principle of pressure drive,
provided by a slurry pump.
Filter press is a fixed volume and batch operation, which
simply means that the operation must be stopped to
discharge the filter cake before the next batch can be started.
The major components of filter press are skeleton and filter
pack. The skeleton holds the filter pack together while
pressure is being developed inside filter chamber.
It however can only hold a specific volume of solids.

How does it Works?

The slurry needed to be dewatered is injected into the center
of the press and fill up each chamber.
The filling time should be as quick as possible in order to
avoid cake formation in the first chamber before filling up the
last chamber.
While the chambers are being filled up, the pressure inside
the system will increase due to the formation of thick sludge.
Then, the liquid is filtered out through the filter cloths by
adding streams of compressed air or water.
The use of pressurized water require more time to pass into
the chamber compared to pressurized air, however this
method is much more cost efficient.

 The operating pressure is commonly up to 7 bars for

metal.
The improvement of the technology makes it
possible to remove large amount of moisture at 16
bar of pressure and operate at 30 bars.
However, the pressure is 4-5 bars for wood or
plastic frames.
If the concentration of solids in the feed tank
increase until the solid particles are attached to each
other. It is possible to install moving blades in the
filter press to reduce resistance to flow of liquid
through the slurry.
For the process prior to cake discharge, air blowing
is used for cakes that have permeability of 1011 to
1015 m2.

Plate and Frame Type

The most fundamental design among all the other filter presses, and
majority nowadays refer it as membrane filter plate.
This type of filter press consists of many plates and frames assembled
alternately with the supports of a pair of rails.
Presence of a centrifuge pump would ensure the remaining suspended
solids do not settle in the system and its main function is to deliver the
suspension into each of the separating chambers in the plate and frame
filter.
The introduced slurry flows through a port in each individual frame, and
the filter cakes are accumulated in each the hollow frame.
As the filter cake becoming thicker, the filter resistance increases as well.
So when the separating chamber is full, the filtration process is stopped
as the optimum pressure difference had reached.
The filtrate that passes through filter cloth are collected through
collection pipes and stored in the filter tank. Whereas filter cakes
(suspended solids) accumulation occurs at the hollow plate frame, then
being separated at the filter plates by pulling the plate and frame filter
press apart.
The cakes would just fall off from those plates and being discharge to the
final collection point .

Advantages

Disadvantages

High solid content cake

Large quantities of inorganic

conditionioning chemicals are
commonly used.

Can dewater the hard-dewater

sludges

High capital cost

Very high solid capture

High labor cost

Only mechanical device that able

to produce cake dry enough to
meet landfill requirement.

Replacement of the media is

expensive and time consume
High noise level

Waste
Nowadays filter presses are widely used in many industries, they would
also produce different types of wastes.
Harmful wastes such as toxic chemical from dye industries, as well as
pathogen from waste stream might accumulate in the waste cakes;
hence the requirement for treating those wastes would be different.
Therefore before discharge waste stream into the environment,
application of post-treatment would be an important disinfection stage.
It is to prevent health risks to the local population and the workers that
are dealing with the waste (filter cakes) as well as preventing negative
impacts to our ecosystem.
Since filter press would produce large amount of waste, if it was to be
disposed by land reclamation, it is recommended to dispose to the
areas that are drastically altered like mining areas where development
and fixation of vegetation are not possible.
Another method is by incineration, which would destroy the organic
pollutants and decrease the mass of the waste. It is usually done in a
closed device by using a controlled flame.

Environmental and Containment

Concern
Given the origin of the Filter Press and the working conditions at
the time, it is not surprising that there was no concern about leaks
and the occasional spurt of slurry.
However, the present day environment and the large
process/chemical- industrial complexes cannot accept solids, liquids
or gaseous leaks.
With the present cloth and plate washing systems, one can be
reasonably certain that the sealing edges of the plates are normally
clean and provided that the cloths are properly doped the high
hydraulic closing pressures should ensure that there is only a small
risk of serious leaking or spurting.
However, if the slurry to be filtered is not obnoxious or dangerous, a
simple shroud is sufficient to contain any occasional leaks; although
it must be said that this shroud costs extra money and takes extra
time opening and closing.
But, for any material that is at all hazardous, the containment can
only be guaranteed if a gas tight housing is created around the filter.
This, however, creates maintenance issues and not to mention the
extra capital cost involved.

Rotary Drum Filter

Rotary Drum Vacuum Filter

Rotary Drum Filter

Rotary Drum Filter

Advantages

Disadvantages

The rotary filter is automatic

and is continuous in
operation, so that the labor
costs are very low.

The rotary filter is a complex

piece of equipment , with
many moving parts and is
very expensive

The filter has a large capacity

, so it is suitable for the
filtration of highly
concentrated solutions.

In addition to the filter itself,

some accessories are
connected ,e.g, a vacuum
pump, vacuum receivers ,
slurry pumps and agitators
are required .

Variation of the speed of

rotation enables the cake
thickness to be controlled.

The cake tends to crack due

to the air drawn through by
the vacuum system, so that
washing and drying are not
efficient.

Pre-coat of filter aid could

used to accelerate the
filtration rate

It is suitable only for straightforward slurries

ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE

APPLICATION
Pharmaceutical Application

Magnesium carbonate
Calcium carbonate

Starch

CENTRIFUGAL FILTERS
A centrifuge consists of a basket in which mixture of solid
and liquid , or mixture of two liquids is rotated at high speed
so that it is separated into its constituents by the action of
centrifugal force.

TYPE OF BASKETS
Imperforated baskets
in which the liquid is removed through a skimming tube , while the
solid particles, sediment to the wall.
The centrifuge is commonly used for drying crystals and for
separating emulsions into their constituent liquids.
Applied to the pharmaceutical industry

Perforated baskets
in which the liquid passes out through the holes.

Type of centrifuge
Perforated Baskets
Centrifuged
A vessel about 1m in diameter and its outer wall is perforated. It
is mounted on a vertical shaft by means it can be rotated at a
high speed. An outer casing with an outlet collects the liquid
thrown out from the basket.
The drive motor may be below the centrifuge and it is called
under-driven,
Other form is over-driven,.

Type of Centrifuge

The perforated Baskets Centrifuged

Type of Centrifuge
The Pusher-type Centrifuge
This type of centrifuge is used for the separation of suspensions,
and is fitted with a perforated basket.

Type of Centrifuge

The pusher-type of centrifugal

Type of Centrifuge

The Tubular Centrifuge

Type of Centrifuge
Perforated Baskets
Centrifuged

Pusher-type Centrifuge

Advantage
It is very compact,
occupying very little
floor space,
It is capable of
handling slurries with
high proportions of
solids .
The final product has
generally, a very low
moisture content if
compared to a filter
cake of a similar
material.

Disadvantage
Batch process
It involves a
considerable labour
cost, making the
process expensive.

Continuously
The pusher piston
operated apparatus.
mechanism adds to
Thus reducing the
the initial costs of the
coast of operation
centrifuge.

Type of Centrifuge

Advantage

Disadvantage

Tubular centrifuge

Due to the very

high centrifugal
speed (15,00060,000), It can be
used for
clarification of
much diluted
solutions due to
the accelerated
gravitational force.
On separation of
two immiscible
liquids , the
centrifugal force
will form two
layers, with the
heavier liquid
adjacent the wall.

None