Ramp Driving Rules & Regulations

Comprehensive Program
Training & Development Academy

Course Outline :
I. Security Awareness
II. Human Factors
III. Airside Safety Awareness
IV. Ramp Driving Rules & Regulations
Course Duration :
4 (Four) Days
Practical Training :
.To be commenced on last training day

Aviation Security
Awareness
Training & Development Academy

Security Training
Regulatory Obligation (JAR, OPS, FAA)
European Standards : since 1 April 1998 (OPS 1)
American requirements after nine eleven (9/11)

Airlines responsibilities
Under the Supervision of the Ministry of Transport

Today, airnlines have to deliver a Security Program to obtain the Airline Carrier
Certificate (ACT).

What is the differences between Security & Safety?

Terminology and Scope

Security
Illicit Acts

Safety
Technical / Human Failure

Review of illicit acts against civil aviation

1930 : First Illicit acts. In Lima, 2 members of a revolutionary group hijacked a small plane
and spread political leaflets over Peruvian Capital.
1947 : Citizens from Eastern Europe wishing to flee their countries, hijacked planes to take
refugee in the West.
1959 : In Cuba, Fidel Castro took over and many Cubans fled to the USA in hijacked planes.

What is the purpose of security?

To Protect People :
Customers (Passengers)
Staff (Ground staff / crews)

To Protect Aircraft
To Protect Premises
Offices
Check-in Counters

Two Basic Principles

Measures adapted to the threat:
Role of dissuasion

Measures adapted to the risk level :

According to political events
According to countries
According to the time of the year

Security Measures
Regulatory (Staff) Obligations
Badges must be worn and be visible whatever the uniform
It is compulsory to wear a uniform
If a badge or uniform is stolen, the EMPLOYEE must report this to his manager and the security
It is COMPULSORY to wear a PASS
The PASS must be :
Visible
Valid

The PASS must indicate the working sector :

Ramp
Cargo
Passenger Terminal

Access to the Restricted Area

Staff working and wearing a pass
Passengers (with boarding pass)
Crew Wearing Uniforms and ID Cards
People provided with a temporary pass; they must
always be with an SGS EMPLOYEE

Risky Places
Where?
Departure Area
Jet Ways
Doors

What you have to do?

Always close doors behind you
Do not allow someone who is not wearing a badge to trespass
Make sure area remains restricted

Security Measures at the Station

General Rules
Everybody is responsible for security
The safety of the staff and the customers should never
be harmed
Every EMPLOYEE must care about security
No problem concerning security must be overlooked,
but on the contrary, it has to be taken into account.

Baggage / Passenger Matching

Staff Responsibility:
1 Checked Passenger = Baggage Aboard
Manual or Computer Procedure (BRS)
1 Passenger Missing at Boarding = Baggage Offloaded
BEWARE
Every piece of baggage belonging to a missing passenger must be
offloaded before take-off even if it has been X-Rayed

Security Measures Ramp

If a baggage or freight is found on the ramp:
Pick it up, lock it if necessary and deliver it :
To the plane for Departure Flight (see baggage tag);
To the baggage area for Arrival Flight (basement);
Or to the lost baggage office (LL); (Check your local regulation)

Warn the Supervisor

It is prohibited to open baggage:

Flight safety jeopardized;
Civil liability

Before loading, whatever the type of baggage (loose baggage or in a container), Ramp
Agent (Loading in Charge) must checks :
That there is no unidentified objects in the hold;
That no unidentified person enters the plane without permission.

 Ramp Agent (Loading in Charge) must check that Bag Tag is on every
piece and that the following mentions are correct :
Flight Number
Destination
Date

Ramp Agent (Loading in Charge) must checks that the baggage is on

the right flight
Before loading, Ramp Agent (Loading in Charge) must checks that
container

Is
Is
Is
Is

in good condition : no holes, no damage;

carefully locked : sealed depending on the airline / the destination (Customs);
for the right destination : right flight, right date ;
labelled : label is correct and is visible on the container.

Passengers having to identify

their hold baggage
In order to check that a piece of baggage loaded in the hold belongs to a
passenger who actually boarded.
This identification procedure is decided by the captain if :
It is the only way to identify the baggage belonging to a missing passenger;
There is an anonymous threat which is taken seriously;
This measure is specific to a certain situations.

The Captains Power

The Captain is responsible for executing the mission.
During the flight, the Captain has authority over everyone aboard.
The Captain can disembark any person (crew or passenger) or any part of the
load which may be a threat to the security, health or order aboard the plane.

Conclusion

Security : Everyones Concerns

From baggage acceptance at the check-in counters, to delivery to the customer

on the arrival :
Every EMPLOYEE is a link in the security chain ;
Nobody is allowed to handle the baggage contents (civil liability or penal responsibility)

What to keep in mind?

NOBODY can maintain security alone.

Security is :
Everyones concerns

HUMAN FACTORS
Workers

Work
Places

Job
Design

TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT ACADEMY

Course Outline :
Ergonomics
Attitudes & Behavior
Communication Skills
Motivation
Stress
Effects of Psychoactive Substances
Fatigue
Time Pressure
Peer Pressure
Situational Awareness
Teamwork

Ergonomics
Is the science of designing the job, equipment and work place to fit the workers;
Ergonomics is employed to fulfill the two goals of health and productivity;
Ergonomics can help reducing costs by improving safety;
Work places may either take the reactive or proactive approach when applying
ergonomics practices :
Reactive ergonomics is when something needs to be fixed, and corrective action to be
taken;
Proactive ergonomics is the process of seeking areas to be improved.

Problems may be fixed through equipment design, task design, or environmental

design :
Equipment design changes the actual physical devices used by people;
Task design changes what people do with the equipment.
Environmental design changes the environment in which people work, but not the physical
equipment they use.

ATTITUDES
Attitude are favorable or unfavorable evaluative
reactions towards something or someone exhibited in
ones beliefs, feelings, or intended behavior.
Components :
Feelings;
Thoughts;
Predispositions to act

Your Attitude Towards .......

Yourself

Others

Company

Job

Services

Future

Behavior

What is the definition of behavior?

Behavior is the way we ract, react, and interact with people and situations
Relationship between attitude and behavior
Behavior usually reflects established beliefs and attitude;
Behavior can be influenced by a number of factors beyond attitude e.g.
social influences, monetary factors, convenience, etc;
Psychological treatment focuses on changing attitudes in order to change
behavior.
The Power of Behavior
Behavior breeds behavior;
You can choose your behavior;
You can use your behavior to help or to hinder a business transaction.

Effective Communication
Context

MESSAGE

SENDER

CHANNEL
FEEDBACK

RECEIVER

KOMUNIKASI BANYAK ARAH

MANAGER

SUPERVISO
R (A)

EMPLOY
EE

EMPLOY
EE

SUPERVISO
R (C)

SUPERVISO
R (B)

EMPLOY
EE

EMPLOY
EE

EMPLOY
EE

EMPLOY
EE

EMPLOY
EE

EMPLOY
EE

EMPLOY
EE

TheNon-Verbal Form
Eye Movement
Tone of Voice
Personal Appearance
Facial Expressions
Gestures
Tactile
Posture
Physical Space

Physical Barriers
Noise
Interruptions
Lights
Insecurity
More than one person
Poor timing
Way of talking
Language
Technical jargon
Using abbreviations
Uncomfortable seating / location

Psychological Barriers
Negative attitudes
Defensiveness
Stereotyping
Power Struggle
Prejudice
Cultural Differences
Physical Space
Fear Mistrust Suspicion
Emotional Feelings (too sad too happy)
Paranoia
Gender barriers
Inattention
Generalizing

MOTIVATION
Definition of Motivation :
An internal state or condition that activates behavior
and gives it direction;
Desire or wants that directs goal-oriented behavior;
Influence of needs and desires on the intensity and
direction of behavior.

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
The hierarchy of needs;
Theory X and Theory Y;
Job Enrichment;
Pygmallion Effect;
Operant Conditioning;
The NIH Syndrome.

Stress
Definition :
The non-specific response of the body to any demand;
Stress is the wear and tear our body and mind experiences as we adjust
to our environment.
Eliminating stress from your environment
A poorly organized working / living space can be a major source of stress;
If your environment is well organized and pleasant, then it can help to
reduce stress and increase productivity;
Some people under stress need a calm environment; while others may
enjoy the raised levels of arousal associated with the buzz of a busy
space

Stress Management Tips

Get Enough Sleep
Have a hobby
Keep a social network of healthy relationships
Get some music in your life
Maintain a neat working place
Take a walk
Practice breathing exercises
Take a mental break
Try progressive muscle relaxation
Cultivate optimism
Have a plan for the future (Chase your dreams!)

Psychoactive Substances
Cannabis
Amphetamines
Ecstasy
Cocaine
Heroin
Alcohol
Tobacco

Effects of Psychoactive
Substances
Psychoactive drugs impose substantial health burden on society;
Are major causes of death and disability;
Can cause social problems on the long and short term;
Health effects can include diseases of the liver and lungs;
Effects include injuries, arrests, assaults and suicide;
Breaking up relationships;
Neglect of work and family duties;
Affects communication between brain cells and may bring about
mental illness;
Are associated with violence and anti-social behavior.

Fatigue
Fatigue is physical and / or mental exhaustion that can
be triggered by stress, use of drugs, overwork, or
mental or physical illness or diseases.
Fatigue is sometimes regarded as a defense mechanism
that promotes the effective regulation of energy
expenditure.
Fatigue can be acute, which is normal, or chronic which
is abnormal.
There are many diseases and disorders in which fatigue
is a major symptoms

Physical Reasons for Fatigue

Circulatory and Respiratory Impairment;
Nutritional disorders and imbalances;
Dehydration;
Deconditioning (organ system deterioration resulting from
bed rest and lack of exercise).
Pain
Stress
Sleep disorders
depression

Time Pressure
Where does time pressure come from?
External causes
Last minute rushes to meet deadlines
Excessive paperwork
Unexpected crisis
Days slipping unproductively
Unrealistic schedules
Failure to set priorities
Failure to delegate
Doing the work of the others
Over scheduling

Coping With Peer

Pressure
You do not need to apologize for your
individuality!

Situational Awareness
Situational Awareness is the ability to identify, process and comprehend the critical
elements of information about what is happening to the team with regards to the mission;
Loss of situational awareness will increase the potential for human errors

Clues to loss :
Loss of situational awareness is characterized by :

Confusion or gut feeling of disorder;

No one watching or looking for hazard;
Use of improper procedures;
Departure from regulations;
Failure to meet planned targets;
Unresolved discrepancies;
Ambiguity;
Fixation or preoccupation.

TEAMWORK

Teamwork
Teamwork is the capability to comprehend and
recognize the diverse strengths and abilities in a group
setting and then applying them to one final solution;
Teamwork is the ability to work together toward a
common goal. It is the power that allows common
people to achieve uncommon results.
Teamwork divides the task and doubles the success.

Characteristics of Effective Team Building

Positive attitude;
Effective communication;
Commitment;
Trust;
Collaboration;
Participation;
Clear objectives;
Defined roles;
Creativity.

Airside Safety
Awareness

Table of Contents
Introduction
Safety in aviation
Accidents on the ramp
Personal safety
Jet engines hazards
Foreign Object Debris (FOD)
Fire on the ramp protection & prevention
Hazard areas around aircraft
Use of marker cones
Ground Support Equipment (GSE) operations
Positioning Plan
Conclusion

Introduction
Safety is one of IATAs top priorities
IATA leads a number of initiatives to assist its members
and the industry to maintain & enhance safety
The Airport Handling Manual (AHM) developed by IATA is
a key industry reference and contains a wide range of
reccomendations focusing on safe ground services
operations

Safety Means Following The

Rules
Ground Safety
Flight Safety Begins
With Ground Safety
And
Ground Safety Begins
With
You
Think Safety,
Think Teamwork

Safety in Aviation
Safety in aviation is a permanent requirement. Safety rules and regulations ensure
safe handling; so always :
Read, understand and apply safety regulations;
Be safety minded, as safety depends on you!

85% of all accidents are due to human failures!

Accidents dont just happened, they are caused, and they can be prevented by :
Understand what you are doing;
Always apply safety regulations;
Only use serviceable equipments.

A recognized danger is a danger that can be avoided.

Accidents on the Ramp

Accidents on the ramp can be grouped into four main heading :
Accidents to passengers;
Accidents to personnel;
Damage to Aircraft;
Damage to Mobile Equipments.
All damage must be reported immediately
Discipline Effectiveness
An open reporting culture shoul be encouraged

Personal Safety Items

Sepatu yang aman / boots harus dikenakan untuk mencegah cedera kaki.
Pelindung pendengaran harus dikenakan ketika bekerja di daerah dengan suara
bising.
Jaket keselamatan dengan warna terang harus dikenakan yang tugasnya
membutuhkan airside access.
Pakaian yang sesuai dengan kondisi cuaca.
Sarung tangan yang sesuai harus selalu dikenakan.
Perhiasan seperti cincin, gelang dan kalung tidak diperkenankan untuk digunakan
pada saat bekerja.

Major Risks to Your Safety

Bad Habit;
Haste;
Other People.

Personal Protection Operating

Practices
Personnel shall not walk or stand on a moving conveyor
belt;
Never attempt to jump off or on a moving vehicle;
Not ride up or down on the rear platform of a loader;
Keep your bodies within the confines of the vehicle
structure;
Apply defensive driving;
The surface of the apron must be kept free of any objects
that may cause damage to aircraft or equipment.

LIFTING

FOD Awareness

Causes of FOD
Failure to properly clean areas;
Inadequate housekeeping;
Inadequate clean-up operations after severe weather;
Faliure to account for tools and parts;
Faliure to maintain Ground Support Equipments (GSE);
Apron works.

Fire on the Ramp

No Smoking (not even in vehicle cabs);
Keep the ramp clean;
Know the location of fire fighting equipment and know
how to use it;
Know the location of fire alarm and emergency
telephones;
Report any faults or discrepancies in fire fighting
equipment immediately to your supervisor;
Do not wear boots or shoes with steel tips.

Fire on the Ramp

In the event of a fire, call the fire department
immediately and give the exact location, stating the
aircraft registration, equipment, vehicles, and personnel
involved.
Where an aircraft is involved, immediately alert the
Captain, crew, or personnel on board so that an orderly
evacuation can be carried out as necessary.

Fore Protection & Prevention

Fire prevention is much more important than fire
fighting;
Good housekeeping is essentials;
Faults in electrical wiring must be reported immediately;
Smoking is not permitted on any ramp areas or in
vehicle;
Personnel should know the types and locations of fire
fighting equipments and how to use them.

Observe equipment limit lines

Do not approach the aircraft
Whilst the red beacon is flashing

Eq
ui
pm

en
t&
p
lin er
es so
nn
el
l

im

it

And until clearance is given

The fuel venting
area is within a
2.5 metres radius
of the fuel vents

No Vehicles to be
parked in the fuel
venting areas
p
ui
Eq
m
l
ne
on
rs
pe s
t & line
en
it
li m

The fuel venting

area is within a
2.5 metres radius
of the fuel vents

Positioning Plan

Ground Support Equipment

Operations
Only adequately trained, qualified, and authorized personnel should be permitted to operate
equipments;
Equipments to be used only for its intended purposes;
GSE must be in good mechanical conditions;
When operator vision is resricted, a guide person should be used;
Standard hand signals (AHM 917) must be used to guide;
The operator must be within easy reach of the emergency controls;
Check the brakes before entering the restrained area nad again before reaching the aircraft side;
Protective rubber bumpers on equipments must not be compressed against the aircraft fuselage;
Before removing any GSE from any aircraft cabin access door, the operator must ensure that door
has been closed and secured or that a clearly visible safety device has been placed across the
opening;
No operator should remove steps from aircraft without properly fixing the safety strap to aircraft
door.

Aircraft Loading / Unloading

Operations
Not to exceed aircraft floor load limitations;
Ensure adequate tie-down and fasten separation nets;
Take special precautions when loading cargo on seats;
Strictly follow the load instructions to ensure correct W & B requirements;
Check the load conditions to detect any leaking or otherwise damaged items
(Not to be loaded);
Spills of any sorts in the holds must be reported immediately;
Any spillage on the apron must be reported immediately;
Always make sure the pallet lock is properly secured to avoid containers from
falling down;
Do not load damaged ULDs / containers / loose baggage;
The handling of dangerous goods must conform to all IATA -DGR

Conclusion :
Always Remember:
Damage to aircraft, however small, could be fatal;
Oily or wet surfaces can have disastrous results;
Never reverse onto or from an aircraft unless you have a competent
person to guide you;
Observe parking rules;
Never drive behind an aircraft that has its anti-collision lights
operating;
High lift vehicles should be lowered immediately upon completion of
services;

Conclusion (Continued)
Always Remember:
Sharp turn should never be attempted near the fuselage or wings;
Consider weather conditions when driving and take extra care in high winds,
rain, frost or fog;
The drivers side of the vehicle is to be next to the aircraft;
Never drive under the wings of an aircraft or position your vehicle too close;
Do not park in such a way as to impede the access or regress of other services;
Stay alert! Always expect the driver in front of you to brake without warning for
no apparent reason;
Control your speed at all times and do not leave braking to last moment.

Conclusion
Always Remember :
Only allow as many people to join your vehicle according to the
available seats;
Should you feel unwell or be in a way incapacitated, do not attempt
to drive and inform your supervisor;
Do not drive over cables or pipes laying on the ramp;
Using high beam is not allowed;
Markings on the ramp and warning signs are there for your benefit;
Strictly observe the speed limits;

Conclusion (Continued)
Always Remember :
Never cross a taxiway in front of a taxiing aircraft;
Always remember that aircraft has the right of way at all times, even
when being towed;
No more than 3 baggage / cargo carts or pallet trailers shall be towed
behind the vehicles;
No more than 3 container dollies shall be towed behind a tractor;
All employees are responsible for the equipment they are driving;
All traffic signals and signs on the airport should be observed and
obeyed

On-Time-Performance is
important, but always
keep safe work
environment