By

Dr.K.Surendra nath
Asst.Professor
Dept. of Physics
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
GUNTUR-19

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

Superconductivity: The ability to conduct

current with out resistance by certain
materials when cooled below a temperature
known as critical temperature denoted by TC
discovered by Kamerlingh onnes in 1911 for
Mercury.
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
4

ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

I
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

Kamerling Onnes

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

10

Meissener effect:
Discovered by Meissener
and Oschsenfeld in 1934
Exclusion of magnetic line
of forces with in the bulk of
super conductor ( B=0)
Perfect Diamagnet with =
-1
Expression:
B=0(H+M) = 0H(1+M/H)
=0H(1+ )
Since B=0; (1+ )=0; = -1
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

11

Meissener effect:

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

12

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

13

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

14

Applications of Meissener effect:

I)Magnetic levitation

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

15

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

16

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

17

II) Magnetic launching :

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

18

Critical Parameters:
Critical

Temperature

(TC

):

The

temperature at which a super conductor

changes to Normal conductor.
Critical Magnetic Field(HC ): The magnetic field
at which a super conductor changes to Normal
conductor when T<TC . The temperature
dependence of HC with temperature may be
described by the empirical equation

H C = Hc (0)

RVR&JC COLLEGE
OF
2
[1-(T/T
C ) ] Where HC (0) is the critical field at 0K.
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

19

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

20

Critical Current density(JC

):

The Current density at which a

superconductor changes to Normal
Conductor when T<TC . For thin
Super conducting wire IC = 2 r
HC .
E.g. Calculate the maximum current
carried by a Nb wire of radius
0.050mm with HC =1.58x105 A/m at
absolute zero of temperature.
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

jC

21

All the three critical parameters can be

represented as critical surface as
shown .

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

22

Types Of Superconductors:
Type I Super conductors:

Known as Soft Super conductors

Exhibits Complete Meissner effect
Low Values of Critical fields H C

Most Elemental Super conductors Exhibit this

behaviour.
K=/0< 1/2 where K is known as GINZBURGLANDAU Parameter.
Contribution to the total energy is positive ,which is
associated with the field and super currents in the
boundary region between normal and super conducting
material.
Less practical Applications due to Low critical fields.
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

23

Magnetization vs. Applied magnetic

field for Type I Super Conductor:

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

24

Type II Super conductors:

Known as Hard or Dirty Super conductors

Two critical fields are present.
HC1 and HC2 one is below HC and other is above HC
Up to HC1 the material is a perfect dia magnet
Between HC1 and HC2 the super conductor is said to in
mixed or vortex state
Normal islands(Vortex) of size coherence length 0 in
a sea of Super conductivity.
Each Vortex contains one quantum of magnetic flux 0,
the collection of which is known as the Abrikosov vortex
lattice. 0=h/2e= 2x10-15 Tm2.
Spacing between the fluxiods d={(2/3)(0/B)}1/2
=22nm at 5T
HC2>> HC and 0 HC2 ~ 0 / 02
In the mixed state the material is partly dia magnet
Compound ,alloys and HTS are Type II Super conductors
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

25

Electrical resistance remains zero

up to

HC2 .
K> 1/2.
The boundary contribution is negative
and energy is
reduced by formation of
Vortices.
Addition of impurities causes the 0 to
decrease and to increase, which is the
reason for conversion of type I to type II
with the impurities.
They have more practical applications, due
to high HC2 and high critical current density
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

26

TYPE-I

TYPE-II
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

27

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

28

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

29

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

30

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

31

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

32

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

33

Isotope Effect:
Critical Temperature depends on the
atomic mass .
E.g. Mercury of mass number 199.5
and 203.4 have transition
temperature s 4.185K and4.146K
M TC = constant, and =0.5
Gave an indication of vital role of
lattice vibrations, led to BCS theory
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

34

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

35

Entropy and Specific heat :

Entropy in the Super conducting state is lower
than the normal state implies Super conducting
State is more ordered state than the normal
State.
An increase in the Specific heat is observed at
the transition temperature from the normal
state to Super conducting State.
The variation of specific heat as a function of
temperature in S.C state obey the equation,

CV = C exp(-Tc /T) where C is constant.

Exponential behaviour of CV indicates the
presence of an energy gap in S.C state.
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

36

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

37

CT T T ; Cs.c exp( / KT )
3

CT T T 3 ; C s.c exp( / KT )

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

38

Energy gap:

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

39

Microwave
absorption:

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

40

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

41

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

42

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

43

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

44

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

45

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

46

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

47

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

48

High TC Super Conductors:

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

49

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

50

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

51

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

52

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

53

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

54

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

55

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

56

Fusion:
The thermal
or kinetic
pressure Pk, of
the plasma
must be
confined with
the magnetic
pressure, pm,
exerted on
the plasma by
a magnetic
field.
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

57

What is Magneto Hydro

dynamics(MHD):
MHD covers phenomena
in electrically conducting
fluids, where the velocity
field V, and the magnetic
field B are coupled.
Any movement of a
conducting material in a
magnetic field generates
electric currents j, which
in turn induces a
magnetic field.
Each unit volume of
liquid having j and B
experiences MHD force
j x B, known as the
Lorentz force.

In MHD flows in blanket channels,

interaction of the induced electric
currents with the applied plasmaconfinement magnetic field results in
the flow opposing Lorentz force that
may lead to high MHD pressure drop,
turbulence modifications, changes in
heat and mass transfer and other
important MHD phenomena.
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

58

An example of beneficial utilization of MHD: Ship

Propulsion
In some MHD applications, the electric current is
applied to create MHD propulsion force.
An electric current is passed through seawater in
the presence of an intense magnetic field.
Functionally, the seawater is then the moving,
conductive part of an electric motor, pushing the
water out the back accelerates the vehicle.
The first working prototype, the Yamato 1, was
completed in Japan in 1991.The ship was first
successfully propelled 1992. Yamato 1 is propelled
by two MHD thrusters that run without any moving
parts.
In the 1990s, Mitsubishi built several prototypes of
ships propelled by an MHD system. These ships
were only able to reach speeds of 15km/h, despite
higher projections.
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

59

Stored energy = 1/2LI2 =B2/20

L : inductance of the magnet
I : current of the magnet

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

60

HTS motor or generator:

Since HTS wire can carry much larger
electrical currents motors and generators
are smaller and powerful.
A 1,000 horsepower HTS motor can be 50%
smaller than a conventional motor of the
same power.
Motors and generators to operate with up to
98% and 99.5% efficiency, respectively.
Today's typical generator operates at an
efficiency rate of 97%98%; a typical motor
at 90%96%.
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

61

HTS MOTOR and GENERATOR

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

62

TRANSMISSION CABLES:
Underground HTS
cables is that they
can carry three to
five times more
current than
conventional
copper cables.

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

63

HTS TRANSFORMER:
In an HTS transformer,
coils will be made from
HTS wire instead of
copper, reducing these
losses by half.
Additionally, HTS
transformers will be as
much as 50% smaller,
and will no longer pose
a fire hazard because
they will
not require
flammable cooling oil.
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

64

FAULT CURRENT LIMITER:

HTS current limiters arent
designed to replace breakers,
but to complement them.
strategically placed in the
utility grid, these devices can
effectively limit current spikes
that are experienced by circuit
breakers. One recent design for
utility substation protection
incorporates a large in-line HTS
coil as an energy-absorbing
device. When a large pulse or
spike of current comes through
the system, the HTS coil
automatically absorbs the
excess energy within a few
milliseconds, therefore no
equipment is exposed to the

fault.
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

HTS current limiters absorb current

spikes that are experienced by utility
equipmentallowing increased system
loads and more reliable service to
consumers.
65

MAGNETIC Separator:
Magnetic separation techniques purify mixed
materials with different magnetic properties. For
example, the whitening agents for paper,
kaolin clay, and for pigments,TiO2, are purified in
vast quantities by passing a mixture of unprocessed
or unseparated material through the center of a
large magnet. Material that is grey with impurities
when it enters the separator is pure white when it
exits.
A magnetic separator made with HTS coils would be
more efficient than an LTS-based unit because of
reduced cooling needs, and larger magnetic fields
created by HTS technology would increase the
processing rate.
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

66

Magnetic Resonance
Imaging:
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI) is a
commonly used diagnostic
technique that gives doctors
an unprecedented view of
the internal functioning of
the human body, without
even the smallest incision.
MRI relies on extremely
strong magnetic fields that
were not commonly used
until superconducting
magnets smaller, stronger,
and more efficient than
conventional
electromagnets became
commercially available.
67

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

SQUID(SUPERCONDUCTING
QUANTUM INTERFERENCE
DEVICE):
Squid consists of two
identical Josephson
junctions connected
in parallel
Squid can measure
magnetic fields up to
femto tesla
Lot of bio medical
application
(MEG,MCG etc.,)
RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

68

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

69

Magnetic
Encephalography(MEG)

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

70

MCG:

GRVITY PROBE:

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

71

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

72

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

73

THANK U

RVR&JC COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING,GUNTUR

74